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b. Forms of Feedback
Hyland and Hyland 2006, p. 83 explain about two forms of written feedback i
n students‟ writing. They present the distinction in the forms of feedback between direct and indirect feedback. Moreover, Srichanyachon 2012,
p. 7 also states that written feedback can be given directly or indirectly on students‟ writing. It shows two different forms on giving written feedback in the
writing class. According to Bitchener, Young, and Cameron 2005, p. 193, they conduct
the research in direct feedback and indirect feedback. Direct or explicit feedback occurs when the teacher identifies an error and provides the correct form, while
indirect strategies refer to situations when the teacher indicates that an error has been made but does not provide a correction, thereby leaving the student to
diagnose and correct it. The te acher‟s feedback helps the students to revise their
writing.
1. Direct Feedback
Hyland and Hyland 2006, p. 83 define that direct feedback may take various forms, including crossing out an unnecessary word, phrase, or morpheme;
inserting a missing word or morpheme; or writing the correct word or form near the erroneous form e.g., above it or in the margin. It means the teachers give the
correction on the students‟ writing directly. Crossing out an unnecessary word, phrase, or morpheme is to make it clear that the word is not required in the
sentence.
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Next, direct feedback can be recognized by using inserting a word to give the correct word or morpheme. Then, the teacher adds and writes the correct word
or forms directly on the students‟ writing. Therefore, the students revise the error on writing easier because they know the correct word or morpheme. Moreover,
Srichanyachon 2012, p. 10 also states that direct feedback is a technique of correcting students‟ error by giving an explicit written correction. It helps the
student to recognize their error because the teacher gives the correct form near the erroneous form. Be
low is the example of direct feedback on student‟s writing.
Figure 2.2 Direct Feedback on Writing
from http:teachingandlearninginhighered.org
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Srichanyachon 2012, p. 11 also writes that teachers should also give clear explanations about grammatical errors on giving direct feedback to the
students. It can deepen the students‟ English knowledge. The correct form of the teachers‟ correction can be written explicitly. The students will know their errors
and revise it later. It is easy for the students to revise the errors but it takes long time for the teacher in giving feedback.
Moreover, the teachers can write anything about writing to help the students‟ writing better. Bitchener, Young, and Cameron 2005, p. 196 define
that direct written feedback takes the form of full, explicit correction above the underlined errors. It makes the students easy to understand what the teachers
intend on their written feedback. Similarly, Vyatkina 2011, p. 64 also mentions that direct teacher‟s written feedback is that the teacher writes suggestion by
giving the accurate form next to highlighted errors. The students can also learn something new from the correct form of teache
r‟s written feedback because the additional information about language is available.
2. Indirect Feedback
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