CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter is divided into two parts, they are theoretical description and theoretical framework. Theoretical description describes the theories of related
literature that are needed to design materials. Theoretical framework is related to the concept in dsigning the materials.
A. Theoretical Description
1. Instructional Design Model
There should be a procedure when teachers or designers are designing materials for the learners. Kemp 1977 provides some procedures called
instructional design in order to help teachers, material developer, lecturers in considering materials while making materials and doing learning and teaching
process. Kemp follows the system approach where the goal and evaluation are used
for adjustment and improvement. “System approach is the overall plan of the instructional design compiled in order” Kemp, 1977. Kemp’s model of
instructional design is flexible, so that the designer can start from any steps. According to Kemp 1977, the instructional design plan is designed to answer
three questions which may be considered the essential elements of instructional
technology.
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The questions are: 1. What must be learned? Objective
2. What procedures and resources will work best to teach the desired learning levels? Activities and resources
3. How will we know when the required learning has taken place? Evaluation
There are eight steps in developing an instructional design. They are elaborated as follows:
Step 1 : Consider goals, list topics, and state the general purposes for
teaching each topic. Step 2 :
Identify the important characteristics of the learners for whom the materials is to be designed.
Step 3 : Specify the learning objectives to be achieved in terms of measurable student behavioral outcomes.
Step 4 : List the subject content to support each objective.
Step 5 : Develop pre-assessment to determine the student’s background and
present level of knowledge on the topic. Step 6 :
Select teachinglearning activities and instructional resources that will treat the subject content so learners will accomplish the
objectives. Step 7 :
Coordinate such support services as budget, personnel, facilities, equipment and schedules to carry out the instructional plan.
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Revise
Subject Content
Pre assesment
Learning Objectives
Learners’ characteriscs
Goal, topic and
general purposes
Teaching Learning
Activities, Resources
Support Service
Evaluation
Step 8 : Evaluate learners’ learning in terms of their accomplishment of
objective, with a view to revising and reevaluating any phrases of the plan that need improvement. The relationship among the eight
steps is shown below.
Figure 2.1 Kemp’s Instructional Design Model Kemp, 1977: 9
2. English for Specific Purposes ESP
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