Figure 2.2 The example of PPP Lesson
5. Speaking
a. Nature of Speaking
Widdowson 1979: 57 states that speaking and listening are related to the language through the oral medium. On the other hand, reading and writing are
related to language expressed through the visual medium. Hughes 2002: 10-12 examines the nature of speaking by distinguishing
spoken and written language. From the social aspects, written language is secondary, prestigious, formal, and conservative; while spoken language is
primary, rhetorical, stigmatized, informal, inter-personal, and locus of change. Nunan 2003:48 states that in learning a language, speaking can be
considered as the hardest skill to be learnt among all skills for two reasons. First, the person whom we are talking to is waiting for our response right then. Second,
we cannot edit and revise what we wish to say, as we can do it in writing skill.
b. Teaching Speaking
Teaching speaking skill is more demanding on the teachers as models in the classrooms Rivers 1968: 160. Usually, learners in a foreign class will not
learn to speak fluently merely by listening to speech. Therefore, the important thing for teachers is to provide more opportunities for students to practice their
speaking skill using more communicative activities that put them into a real practice of communication.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
In addition, Rivers 1983: 11 also says that the essence of language teaching is providing condition for language learning. It means that the setting of
the language learning also influences students to increase the knowledge of the target language.
B. Theoretical Framework
In designing the materials, the writer presents a model of designing instructional materials. It is Kemp’s model. The writer adopted some stages of the
model as the framework to conduct this study. Here are the steps conducted by the writer.
1. Identify learners’ characteristics
In this step, the writer conducted needs analysis to identify the characteristics of the target students. Identifying the students’ characteristics
includes collecting information about the students’ needs, lack and interest. The writer also noticed that information about students’ academic background and
motivation to learn English were also important to develop materials and methods or techniques that are constructed.
2. Consider Goals, Listing Topics and General Purposes
The steps are aimed to determine the intended goals of instructional materials design. According to Hymes cited in Richard and Rogers, 1986: 159,
the goal of language teaching is to develop communicative competence. After stating the goals, the topics should be listed as the scope of the course and the
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
Kategori