In addition, Rivers 1983: 11 also says that the essence of language teaching is providing condition for language learning. It means that the setting of
the language learning also influences students to increase the knowledge of the target language.
B. Theoretical Framework
In designing the materials, the writer presents a model of designing instructional materials. It is Kemp’s model. The writer adopted some stages of the
model as the framework to conduct this study. Here are the steps conducted by the writer.
1. Identify learners’ characteristics
In this step, the writer conducted needs analysis to identify the characteristics of the target students. Identifying the students’ characteristics
includes collecting information about the students’ needs, lack and interest. The writer also noticed that information about students’ academic background and
motivation to learn English were also important to develop materials and methods or techniques that are constructed.
2. Consider Goals, Listing Topics and General Purposes
The steps are aimed to determine the intended goals of instructional materials design. According to Hymes cited in Richard and Rogers, 1986: 159,
the goal of language teaching is to develop communicative competence. After stating the goals, the topics should be listed as the scope of the course and the
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
basic needs for the instruction. The topic should express the general purposes as what learners generally expect to learn as a result of instruction
3. Specify the Learning Objectives
According to Borg and Gall 1983: 779 the most important aspect of planning research-based educational product is the statement of the specific
objectives to be achieved by the product. The learners will be more motivated to learn if the teacher has stated specified objectives in terms of activities that will
best promote learning, so here stating objectives will make the teaching-learning activities perfect.
4. List the subject Contents
It is paramount for a successful teaching-learning process to select or to organize the learners’ learning activities and instructional materials. A well-
designed material can support the learners’ mastery of the English ability. In this case, fatigue is the crucial problem to be taken into consideration. To omit the
problem, it is very important to use various activities such as games, role play, etc. that can promote learning.
5. Select teachinglearning activities and instructional resources.
