K . Maijala Livestock Production Science 65 2000 1 –18
15
The input output-ratios have also been estimated by for individuals with disturbed C metabolism, not in
including in inputs only those parts of the feed recommendations concerning the whole population
suitable for humans van Es, 1979. In good times Harper, 1993.
humans eat only the best part of the grain crop, at According to Renner 1995 the best solution is to
crises almost all grain. The results show that on apply the general principles of food science:
roughage feed, a dairy cow, a beef cow and a ewe produce about 2.5 times as much protein and energy
1. Versatile 5 containing all food groups in the daily as they consume in feed useable for humans. Even
food. Exclusion of some group would lead to with a dairy cow on concentrate feeding the result is
one-sided food. over 100 while a beef cow and a ewe achieve 80.
2. Balanced 5 no individual food group is favoured Single-stomach animals never reach 40. Thus,
strongly or avoided entirely. ruminants increase the amount of protein and energy
3. Full-value diet 5 versatile, balanced, containing useable for humans and further the quality is essen-
necessary nutrients in needed concentrations. tially improved. In addition the need for fossil
4. Energy-adapted 5 prevents fatness, which is a energy per unit in intensive production is lowest for
known risk factor for CHD and other illnesses. milk. In egg, broiler, pork and beef production it is
1,2, 2, 4 and 5 times higher respectively. 8.2. Questions for research food science,
medicine , animal science
7.7. Outlooks for food needs of world On the basis of the issues discussed above it
The slow reproductive rate of cattle calls for appears important to study nutritional and health
caution in decreasing the population of milking aspects of milk and meat in a larger context by
cows. This should be a factor in planning for the taking into account of the many factors which are
future nutrition of mankind. According to the FAO involved and the interactions among nutrients, bal-
statistics, the human population will be doubled ance, variety and moderation. Answers are awaited
within 50 years. Protein needs of the world popula- on the following questions:
tion will increase by 1.7 year. Matassino et al., 1991. Cattle able to convert grass and other feeds
unsuitable for humans and renewable plant material a What is more important in a healthy nutrition:
produced by solar energy to many-sided protein, will avoidance or removal of some nutrients, or sup-
thus have great importance in meeting these needs. plementation of some otherwise valuable food-
Further cattle production also helps in maintaining stuffs?
green, open landscape. b Are different recommendations needed for
different age classes, professions, sexes, people practising different levels and kinds of physical
8. Discussion exercise, with different genetic background or
genes? Who should have the power to give 8.1. Strategies for dietary recommendations
dietary recommendations? What should be bases for choosing the committee members?
The distributions of SC values would be important c Is the consumer really a king? Who or what
in assessing the effects of changes in food on turns his head and how fast? When should the
populations McGill, 1979. They are important also changing whims of consumers be followed sector
in determining, whether a certain dietary change and
phase of
production, sight
and time
should be recommended to the whole population or schedule?
only to very susceptible individuals. In the latter d How can the public learn about the versatility
case, it would be important to recognize the extreme of milk and meat?
individuals who react and to recommend the change e Is the kind of fat important? Why has nature
of diet only for them. Restricting the supply may suit developed the short-chain and ‘unwholesome’ FA
16 K
. Maijala Livestock Production Science 65 2000 1 –18 Aromaa, A., Maatela, J., 1981. A search for optimum values:
of milk? Which FA should be avoided or
¨ prognostic evaluation of reference values. In: Grasbeck, R.,
favoured? How do milk proteins and fats interact?
¨ Alstrom, T. Eds., Reference values in laboratory medicine,
f What is the sense of measuring TC? Does it
John Wiley and Sons Ltd, pp. 145–165.
deserve continuous attention and regular screen-
Arvola, P., 1995. Arterial function in experimental hypertension in rat. Acta. Univ. Tamperensis, Ser. A 413, 164.
ing? In which cases should one aim at its lower-
Berner, L.A., 1993. Roundtable discussion on milkfat, dairy foods,
ing? Where are the sensible limits? How many
and coronary heart disease risk. J. Nutr. 123, 1175–1184.
of different peoples have C-problems?
Blaxter, K.L., Webster, A.J.F., 1991. Animal production and food.
g How does C lowering or avoidance of milk
Problems and paranoia. Anim. Prod. 53, 261–269.
affect other aspects of health, psychological,
Bonanome, A., Grundy, A., 1988. Effect of dietary stearic acid on plasma cholesterol an lipoprotein levels. N. Engl. J. Med. 318,
social and economic welfare of people, product-
1244–1248.
ion of vital foodstuffs now and in future, land-
` Bougnoux, P., Lavillonniere, F., 1998. Anticarcinogenic properties
scape, environment, sustainable development?
of CLA. In: Proc. Intern. Worksh. Health Benefits of Old and
h Can milkfat really be equated with straw, for
Novel Compounds in Milk, Netherlands, Abstract.
which there is no valuable use?
Connor, W.E., Connor, S.L., 1994. Coronary heart disease: preven- tion and treatment by nutritional change. In: Proc. 1st World
i Are Cola drinks more recommendable than
Dairy Congr. of Dairy Products in Human Health and Nutr.,
milk? Reasons?
Madrid, pp. 309–332.
j Which life-style factors are biasing epi-
¨ Eichholzer, M., Stahelin, H., 1993. Is there a hypocholesterolemic
demiological studies?
factor in milk and milk products? Intern. J. Vit. Nutr. Res. 63, 159–167.
van Es, A.J.H., 1979. More food for Mankind by plant and animal husbandry. In: Bowman, A., Sussel, A. Eds., The Future of
9. Notation
