An Analysis of Intransitive Sentence in Sidney Sheldon’s If Tomorrow Comes

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AN AN

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First, I would like to thank God because of his blessing I can live until this time. Thank you God because of your blood I can save from sins and get a new life and be your child.

In this occasion, I would like thank the Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies,

Dr. Syahron Lubis, M.A and Head of Department of English, Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, MS. Thank for all because you had given me the knowledge, especially in English. Special great thank to supervisor who always gives me supports, suggestions and knowledge in completing my paper. Thanks for your kindness, careness and his personality that motivate me in writing this thesis. Then, I would like to thank my first supervisor, Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, MS, and my second supervisor, Rahmadsah Rangkuti, M.A. Ph.D who helped me to check my thesis. And also like to thank my lecturers who taught me in Department of English.

I would like to say thank to my beloved family, especially my father, B. Pardosi and my beloved mother A. Br Sipahutar. Thank for your kindness and your love for me since I was child until this time. Thank you because you are always beside me whatever your condition there will be. You always support me and give me solution in my life. Besides, you can also be a best friend and best sister and brother. Thanks for all you have given me.

And I would also like to thank my dearest sister and brother, Erlin br Pardosi, A.Md, Ramsida br Pardosi, A.Md, Helvani br Pardosi, S.Pd, Harmoko Pardosi and Ramles Govinda Pardosi. Thanks for your kindness, love, supports

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and motivations. I will never forget whatever you do and every moment in me, I love you all very much.

I would like thank my lovely friends in my boarding house “6A”. Thanks to

Tioman P, Helvany P, Natalia S, Diana L, Uni P, Lukkas P, Heri P, and Pilemon S for your kindness and suggestions. Finally, I realize that this paper is still not perfect. Thus, I am waiting for other constructive criticism and suggestion to perfect this paper. I do hope that this paper can be useful for everybody who wants to enrich their knowledge about intransitive sentence.

Medan, 28 oktober 2013 The Writer,

Rafael Pardosi Reg.no. 110721010

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ABSTRACT

This thesis deals with An Analysis of Intransitive Sentence in Sidney Sheldon’s If Tomorrow Comes. The objectives of this study are to find out kinds intransitive sentence, kinds of verbs in “If Tomorrow Comes”, a novel by Sidney Sheldon. The method used in this research was descriptive method by collecting the data first, then they were classified based on their pattern, and finally they were by applying syntactic and semantic theory. The findings of this research are the kinds of intransitive sentence used in the novel is not only subject - predicator, but also subject – predicate - locative complement; subject – predicate – adjunct, and subject – predicate – complement of the subject, and last findings is the kinds of verb that appear in intransitive sentence determine the meaning and pattern of intransitive sentence.

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ABSTRACT

Skripsi ini berjudul Analisis Kalimat Intransitif Pada Novel If Tomorrow Comes karya Sidney Sheldon. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui jenis kalimat intransitive, jenis kata kerja dan juga untuk mengetahui makna kalimat intransitif dalam If Tomorrow Comes karya Sidney Sheldon. Adapun metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode deskriptif yaitu dengan mengumpulkan data terlebih dahulu, kemudian dibagi berdasarkan polanya, dan setelah itu dianalisis secara kajian yang menerapkan dengan kajian sintaksis dan semantik. Adapun temuan yang didapat dalam penelitian ini adalah jenis-jenis kalimat intransitive yang digunakan dalam novel ini tidak hanya berpola Subject – Predicator saja, tetapi ada yang berpola Subject – Predicator – Locative Complement, Subject – Predicator – Adjunct, dan Subject – Predicator – Complement Of the Subject. Dan temuan yang terakhir adalah jenis kata kerja yang muncul dalam kalimat intransitive menentukan makna dan pola kalimat intransitif.

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ACKNOWLEDGMENT ... i

ABSTRACT ... iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... v

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ... 1

1.1.Background of the Study... 1

1.2.Problem of the Study... 3

1.3.Objective of the Study ... 3

1.4. Scope of the Study ... 3

1.5.Significance of the Study ... 4

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE ... 5

2.1 Intransitive Sentences ... 5

2.1.1 Subject-Predicate... 5

2.1.2 Subject-Predicate-Locative Complement... 6

2.1.3 Subject-Predicate-Adjunct ... 7

2.1.4 Subject-Predicate-Complement of Subject ... 7

2.2 Syntax ... 8

2.2.1 Subject ... 8

2.2.2 Predicate ... 9

2.2.3 Verbs ... 10

2.2.4 Modifier ... 14

2.2.5 Complement ... 14

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2.3. Semantic ... 16

2.3.1 Meaning ... 16

2.3.2 Situation ... 16

CHAPTER III RESEARCHMETHODOLOGY ... 19

3.1 The Source of Data... 19

3.2 The Data Colleting Procedure ... 19

3.3 The Data Selecting Procedure ... 19

3.4 The Data Analyzing Procedure ... 20

CHAPTER IV DATA, DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS ... 21

4.1 Data ... 21

4.2 Data Analysis ... 21

4.2.1 Subject-Predicate... 23

4.2.1.1 Subject-Predicate (Verbs of Behavior) ... 24

4.2.1.2 Subject-Predicate (Verbs of Weather) ... 27

4.2.1.3 Subject-Predicate (Verbs of Occurrence) ... 28

4.2.2 Subject-Predicate-Locative Complement... 29

4.2.2.1 Subject-Predicate-Locative Complement (direction) ... 30

4.2.2.2 Subject-Predicate-Locative Complement (destination) .. 32

4.2.3 Subject-Predicate-Adjunct ... 35

4.2.4 Subject-Predicate-Complement of subject ... 39

4.2.4.1 Subject-Predicate-Complement of subject Verbs of being 39 4.2.4.2Subject-Predicate-Complement of subject Verbs becoming ... 43

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CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ... 46

5.1 Conclusions ... 46

5.2 Suggestions ... 47

REFERENCES ... 48 APPENDIX

Appendix I : The Structure of Intransitive Sentences in Sidney Sheldon’s If Tomorrow Comes

Appendix II : The Kinds of Verb in Intransitive Sentences in Sidney Sheldon’s If Tomorrow Comes

Appendix III : Summary of Sidney Sheldon’s If Tomorrow Comes Appendix IV : Biography of Sidney Sheldon’s

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ABSTRACT

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ABSTRACT

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BAB I INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Nowadays, there are many novels written variously such as horror, drama, comedy and mystery. The novels are also written in difference styles of writing which are adjusted to the readers’ interest. The differences of writing styles can be seen through the way of pouring out the author’s mind and feeling. In addition, the style can be seen through the dictions that used in every sentence in the novels. These styles are purposed by made to attract the readers and to help them easily to figure out the ideas contained in every sentence.

Sidney Sheldon is very popular for his best selling novels. One of his interesting and thriller novels is ‘If Tomorrow Comes. If Tomorrow Comes is the fourth novel of Sheldon which was published in 1985. This novel could grasp the top best seller in America. The setting of the novel is in 1980s which discusses about the story of a perfect woman, Tracy Whitney. She is beautiful and undergoing a good career in popular bank. She also has a very handsome and rich fiancé. Simply, she has a perfect life. Yet the condition immediately changes as her mother dies. She is betrayed and accused for doing crime, which she actually never commits. She has no defender to set her free from the accusation. She is put into jail and finally left by her fiancé, whom she really loves very much. Furthermore, when she leaves the prison for freedom, she plans to revenge and succeeds with the help of her friend.

The story flows smoothly and nicely. Sheldon really helps the readers to figure out what Sheldon expects the readers to. She uses every sentence well and attractively. Sheldon also arranges a very detail of setting and place along the plot

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which takes place in several countries. This technique makes the readers fell as if they are involved in the place too.

In a novel, there are many sentences which can be discussed or used to be the object of a research. The research can be done on the structure of sentences and the meaning as well. One of them is by discussing about the intransitive sentences in the novel. The kinds of sentence can be easily found in a novel as they are intended to explain several situations and action which are done by the subjects in the novel. Intransitive sentence cannot be changed into passive sentence as it has no object.

Based on the theory Downing and Locke, the transitive sentence classifies in to four intransitive patterns, namely: Subject – Predicate, Subject – Predicate – Locative Complement, Subject – Predicate – Adjunct, And Subject – Predicate – Complement of the Subject. But the simplest pattern is Subject and Predicate, Veit (1986:26) in his book Discovering English Grammar gives some example of intransitive sentences as: the monkey wheezed. This intransitive sentence contains subject (the monkey) and predicate (wheezed). Another example of intransitive sentence can be seen in the sentence: she runs. Beside Veit. Downing and Locke (1992:85) give some examples which consist of more complete patterns as follows:

- We walked home (Subject-Predicate-Locative Complement)

- Her latest novel has become a best-seller. (Subject-Predicate-Complement of the subject)

Based on the explanation above, the writer finally comes to conclusion that intransitive sentence have several patterns. So, many things can explain in the intransitive sentence, and that is why the writer is interested in analyzing the intransitive sentence found in Sidney Sheldon’s If Tomorrow Comes. So, the writer

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determines to do further research about this case in order to enrich both the writer and readers knowledge.

1.2 Problem of the Study

The problem that the writer wants to analyze in this thesis are formulated in to two sentences as follows:

1. What are the pattern of intransitive sentences found in Sheldon’s If Tomorrow Comes?

2. What are the kinds of verbs used in every intransitive sentence in Sheldon’s If Tomorrow Comes?

1.3Objective of the Study

In relation of the statement of problem above, the objective study of this analysis can be formulated as follows:

1. To find out the pattern intransitive sentences in Sheldon’s If Tomorrow Comes.

2. To find out the kinds of verbs in the intransitive sentences found in Sheldon’s If Tomorrow Comes.

1.4 Scope of the Study

A research without a scope will emerge vagueness. So, the scope of the study is talking about:

- Intransitive sentence in Sheldon’s If Tomorrow Comes. - Sentence structure in Sheldon’s If Tomorrow Comes.

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1.5Significance of the Study

The significance of the study are expected to be useful for: 1. The writer to understand more about intransitive sentence.

2. The reader who wants to get knowledge about intransitive sentence theory. It would provide better and clearer understanding at the types of intransitive sentence in a text novel.

3. The student especially the student of English Department to enlarge their knowledge about intransitive sentence.

4. The other researchers provide some valuable information particularly to another researcher who would like to conduct a much deeper of intransitive sentence.

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BAB II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

2.1 Intransitive Sentence

According to Klammer, et.al (2000:193) intransitive sentence can be defined as follows:

“…sentence consists of a subject followed by a predicate in which there is only main verb followed by optional adverb phrases. The technical name of type of verb that can stand alone in the verb phrase and function as the entire predicate is intransitive. Klammer,et.al (2000:193).

Simply, intransitive sentence is a sentence where the verb can stand alone, does not need any object, but it is still meaningful. Yet, the adverb of time, place, and manner can also be attached in order to give more explanation. The simplest pattern of intransitive sentence is subject (S) + predicate (P).

For example: The girl sang S P

The intransitive sentence above can also be attached to an adverb, so the pattern is

S + P + A, as follows:

The girl sang in her room S P A

Furthermore, Downing and Locke divide intransitive sentences into four patterns, as follows:

2.1.1 Subject – Predicate ( S – P )

This pattern means that the sentence has only subject and predicator without having any complement or adverb. In this pattern, Downing and Locke (2006:85) divide the verb into verbs of behavior, verb of weather and verbs of occurrence.

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a. Verbs of Behavior

This kind of verbs shows an action which is done by the subject intentionally or unintentionally. The example of this kind of verbs are: laugh, smile, cry, blink, blush, cough, sneeze, sigh, tremble, yawn, wait, stay, die, collapse, fain, fall, act.

For example: - They all laughed - Someone yawned b. Verbs of Weather

This kind of verbs explains about weather. Example: rain, snow. For example: - it is raining.

- It is snowing. c. Verbs of Occurrence

This kind of verb indicates an activity which is done by the subject. For example: appear, disappear, go, come, arrive, depart, vanish, fade, act.

For example: They have arrived.

2.1.2 Subject – Predicate – Locative Complement

This pattern is the next pattern of intransitive sentence which need complement or verb of place or direction in order to complete the sentences. In this pattern, Downing and Locke (2006:86) divide the verb into two kinds, as follows:

a. Location or place: be, stand, live, lie, remain.

These kinds of verbs show or explain that the subject stays in certain place.

For example: - The National Theatre stands near the river. - The amusement park is just over there .

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b. Movement + manner of movement: walk, run, stroll, crawl, fly.

These kinds of verbs indicate or explain a process of an activity which is done by the subject.

For example: - We walked home.

- The soldier crawled under the wire fence.

2.1.3 Subject – Predicate – Adjunct

In this pattern, the addition of adjunct is optional and depends of the verb. According to oxford advanced learner dictionary, adjunct is an adverb which adds meaning to a verb in a sentence or a part of sentence such as in the sentence. Usually, he doesn’t arrive late. So, usually is the adjunct. The verbs such as work, arrive, retire, stop are usually followed by adjunct. Yet, although the adjunct is omitted, the verbs can also stand alone and still meaningful. The following examples are the intransitive sentences in the condition of followed by adjunct and without adjunct.

S – P – A S – P

1a. Tom works in London recently 1b. Does his sister Priscilla work? 2a. We unfortunately arrived late. 2b. The guests are arriving

3a. He actually retired last year. 3b. He had retired

4a. We stopped exactly at the Equator 4b. The clock has stopped

From the example above, we can understand the sentences although the adjunct is omitted.

2.1.4 Subject – Predicate – Complement of the Subject

This pattern use copular verbs as the predicators to relate the subject and the complement of the sentence. The copular verb which is used mostly is be (is, am, are, were, was).

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For example: A couch potato is someone who lays watching television all day.

Other verbs which usually followed this pattern are remain, keep, tastes, smell, sound, fall, feel, come, grow and turn.

For example: - We have to remain optimistic about the future.

- We began to grow uneasy when the skin driver didn’t appear.

2.2Syntax

Syntax is a branch of linguistics which study about the arrangements of the phrases or sentences. According to Miller (2002:12) syntax can be defined as follows:

“syntax has to do with how words are put together to build phrases, with how phrases are put together to build sentences.” Miller (2002:12)

From definition above, syntax can be called as branch of linguistic which studies about structure of sentence. In discussing syntax, the writer wants to explain some parts of sentence structure as subject, predicate, verb, modifier, complement and adjunct. These parts will be used in the data analysis in next chapter.

2.2.1 Subject

Every sentence has subject. The subject is mostly in the form of noun, noun phrase or pronoun which is usually placed in the beginning of sentence. According to Quirk and Greenbaum (1973:170), subject can be defined as follows:

“subject is normally a noun phrase or a clause with nominal function; occurs before the verb phrase in declarative clauses, and immediately after the operator in question; has number and person concord, where applicable, with the verb phrase”. Quirk and Greenbaum (1973:170)

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In order to know clearly about subject, here are some example: 1. The moon has risen in the sky.

2. Has the moon just risen in the sky?

3. The moon has just risen in the sky, hasn’t it? 4. There are five unicorns in parking lot.

From the examples above, the sentence (1) and (2) can be seen clearly that the subject in the sentence is the moon, although the sentence (2) is begun by the word

has. In the sentence (3) there is a question tag which consists of pronoun (it). It in the question tag refers to the noun ‘the moon’ not ‘the sky’. Therefore the subject in the sentence (3) above is the moon. In the sentence (4), there is a word ‘there’ and phrase ‘five unicorns’. The agreement on the verb at the sentence is determined by phrase ‘five unicorns’ which is the next functioned as a subject. Then, the word ‘there’ is called dummy or pleonastic subject. The pleonastic subject is used in a sentence when there is no subject placed in the beginning of the subject.

2.2.2 Predicate

Predicate is an important part of sentence which explains the activity which done by subject. According to Gelderen (2002:61), predicate can be defined as follows: “predicate says something about the subject. The verb in the predicate is named predicator” Gelderen (2002:61)

For example: The girl skipped

In this sentence the action ‘skip’ is done by the subject ‘girl’, so the word ‘skip’ is called predicate or predicator. Another example is ‘He left’. ‘He’ is a subject and ‘left’ is predicate or predicator.

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2.2.3 Verbs

Verb is the word which explains an action. The following quotation is suitable for further understanding about verb.

“The verb is perhaps the most important part of the sentence. A verb or compound verb asserts something about the subject of the sentence and express actions, events, or states of being. The verb or compound verb is the critical element of the predicateofasentence.(http://www.writingcentre.uottawa.ca/hyp ergrammar/verbs.html)

Furthermore, Saeed (1997:109) classifies verb into two kinds situation as follows: 1. Stative verb

According to Kreidler, stative verb can be defined as follows: “Stative verb is a verb that expresses some state of affairs rather, than an action or event” Kreidler, (1998:303)

The verb which are grouped into stative verb are be, have, know and love. For example: Mary loved to drive sport cars.

2. Dynamic verb

Kreidler also gives a definition about dynamic verb as follows: “Dynamic verb is a type of verb that expresses activity or change of state.” Kreidler, (1998:300)

Dynamic verb can also be categorized into several kinds, as follows:

a. Durative / punctual

Durative verb describes a situation which will be ended in certain period. Further, Kreidler explains that durative aspect is the expression of continuance of an action or permanence of a status, example: he kept running; they stayed at home, while punctual verb describes a situation or activity which happens or ends in a short period or punctually. The

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following example is suitable for further understanding about their differences.

a) John slept (durative) b) John coughed (punctual)

Sentence (a) is belonged to durative situation. The verb ‘slept’ will be done by the subject ‘John’ in a certain length of the period, while the verb ‘cough’ in the sentence (b) will be done by the subject ‘John’ only in a short time (punctual).

b. Telic/atelic

Kreidler (1998:206) says that the actions and events that are designated by dynamic predicates may occur within a brief instant or may stretch out over a longer period of time, and difference may be due to external circumstance or due to nature of the action itseft; a single act of hitting or falling cannot take long but talking and walking are apt to continue for at least several minute. Some such breaking and arriving may take a certain amount of time but the act does not ‘happen’ until it is complete.

To know further about the difference of telic and atelic, take a look at the following example:

1. George was waiting Sandra was holding the baby 2. Sandra was swimming George was running.

3. George was leaving Sandra was dying

4. Sandra was writing a letter. George was cutting the rope.

Sentence (1) are stative and those in (2) are activity. If it is true that George was waiting and Sandra was swimming, for example, then we can

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report that George waited and Sandra swam. The predicates do not have an end or goal; they are atelic.

In contrast, the sentence (3) contains achievement sentence and the sentence (4) are accomplishments. If George was leaving, he did not necessarily leave; Sandra might be dying for months and yet not die. These sentences do not report events, happenings, but processes moving towards events. George left, Sandra died report events that occur instantly, however long the process of moving toward that event may be. Since the events are instantaneous, we can ask “When did George leave?” or “When did Sandra die?” but not “How long did George leave or Sandra die?”

Sentence (4) is also about the processes moving toward completion. If Sandra was writing a letter but stopped, it would be true that Sandra wrote (an activity) but not that she wrote a letter (an accomplishment). Similarly, the fact that George was cutting a rope does not necessarily lead to the fact that he cut it. In conclusion, telic means a process of activity in which the time can be seen whether the activity is still progressing, or will end soon. Atelic means a situation where the process can be known that activity will progress in a long time.

Example: - Harry built a raft. (telic) - Harry gazed at the sea. (atelic)

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c. Events / Processes

Events let the speaker see the whole situation of the activity, while process show the speaker sees the activity/situation runs as it is. For example:

1. The mine blew up. (events)

2. He walked to the shop (processes)

Sentence (1) indicates that the speaker can see the whole situation that the mine is ‘blowing up’, while the sentence (2) shows the situation that the speaker watches the activity/situation ‘walking’ is running at that time, and the speaker will never know when the activity ‘walking’ will be ended.

Processes can be divided into several kinds, namely: a. Inchoatives

Inchoatives mean that a process where the subject matter is focused on the beginning of the situation started.

Example: - The ice melted. - My hair turned grey.

The sentence above are belonged to inchoatives processes since the subjects matter of the sentences are focused on the beginning of the processes ‘melted’ and ‘grey’. We a as speaker, do not focus or think how or what will happen after the end of verbs ‘melted’ rather than the beginning of the process ‘melted’.

b. Resultatives

Resultatives processes can be defined as the process shows until the completion of the activity (final point of completion). In this

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situation, we, as speakers, focus on the end or the completion of the activity itself, not beginning of the activity. For example: Example : - Ardal baked a cake

- Joan built a yacht.

2.2.4 Modifier

Modifier is a part of sentence structure which gives more explanation of the sentence. Modifier is sometimes in the form of adjective. The word large, in the phrase the large dog, is the modifier in which the word gives more explanation about the noun dog. Miller (2002:2) gives some examples about modifier, namely: sad and big. The adjective sad and big possibly needs the word very, for example, to give more explanation, as becomes very sad, very big. Therefore, the word very is called as modifier.

Furthermore, modifier is divided into two kinds, namely: obligatory modifier (which is commonly named as complement) and optional modifier (which is usually called as adjunct).

2.2.5 Complement

According to Quirk and Greenbaum (1973:170), complement can be defined as follows:

“Complement is a noun phrase, an adjective phrase, or a clause with nominal function, having a co-referential relation with the subject (or object); follows the subject, verb phrase, and object; does not become subject through the passive transformation.” Quirk and Greenbaum, (1973:170)

Complement is used to explain the verb or activity in a sentence. The existence of complement is very important mostly in completing the intransitive verb. Miller

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(2002:49) say that “complements ‘complete’ the meaning of the verb, giving it both syntactic and semantic complement”.

For example: - Brown bread is good for you.

- The spaniel was playing in the garden.

Complement can also be in the form of noun, pronoun, adjective, adverb, and prepositional phrase.

For example:

 This is my brother.

 Who is it? Intransitive verb with the  He is alive. pattern (be+complement)  He is here.

 It is in the garden

2.2.6 Adjunct

Adjunct is a preposition or prepositional phrase which function as a modifier or to give more additional information in a sentence. Using adjunct in a sentence is optional, which means that the omitting of the adjunct will not lose any sense or meaning of the sentence, but if it is attached, it will give more information. Adjunct can be in the form of adverb of time and adverb of place.

Example: Sarah devoured the cakes in the kitchen last night.

From the example above, the phrase ‘in the kitchen last night’ is called as adjunct- ‘in the kitchen’ as adverb location and ‘last night’ as adverb of time. Actually, the adjunct in the sentence above can also be omitted, and the sentence is still meaningful, as Sarah devoured the cakes

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2.3 Semantics

Semantic can be defined simply as study of meaning. Furthermore, Saeed (1997:3) defines Semantic as the study of meanings of words and sentences. Learning semantic is very important in understanding languages since the language are translated based on the situations and context. Therefore, it is really necessary to know the social condition or context where the language used, in order to understand the meaning of language. Thus, semantic is one of the most important parts of the linguistic branches.

2.3.1 Meaning

According to Robins (1981:17), meaning can be defined as follows: “meaning includes the relation between utterances and parts of utterances and the world outside; and reference and denotation are among such relation”.

Saeed (1997:53) has an opinion that “meaning of a word is defined in part by its relations with other word in the language”.

From the definition above, the writer concludes that meaning is a connection between language and reality where people make the language agreement to be understood.

2.3.2 Situation

In semantic there are several aspects of meaning which show the level of the sentences. One of them is tense. A theorist, Vendler gives some kinds of situation which are next divided as follows:

1. States

State situation is a static condition which shows a temporary and atelic action. States can be called statements. The examples of state situation

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can be seen as follows: hate, want, love, be sick, be tall, be dead, know, and believe.

For example : she hated ice cream.

2. Activities (unbounded process)

Activities situation is similar with the states situation above. This kinds of situation shows an atelic action (unlimited). According to Saeed (1997:107), one thing which differentiates state situation from activity (unbounded process) is the kinds of predicate in a sentence. States uses verb to depict an atelic situation. In order to differentiate state from activity, states usually use adjectives after the verb, while activity usually use verb as the predicate. The example of activities situation can be seen as follows:

- march - watch

- roll - swim

- run - think

- walk - snow

- write - drink

For example : Your cat watched those birds.

3. Accomplishments (bounded process)

Accomplishments (boundary process) show an action or situation which is done purposely. In this situation, the kinds of verb take a process during the progressing. The example of verb of this kind of situation can be seen as follows:

- melt - dry

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For example : Her boss learned Japanese

4. Achievements (point events)

Achievement shows the situation in which the activity progresses immediately and rapidly. The example of verb for this kind of situation can be seen as follows:

- pop - find

- explode - begin

- shatter - start

- recognize

For example : The Cease-fire began at noon yesterday.

5. Semelfactive

Semelfactive indicates the punctual situation. It means that the activity is progressing when the verb is stated. In other words, that the semelfactive situation is in which the verbs come up together with or resulted by the activity. The example of this kind of situation can be seen as follows:

- knock - cough - bang

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CHAPTER III METHOD OF RESEARCH

3.1 The Source of Data

The main source of the data is Sheldon’s If Tomorrow Comes. The secondary sources of the data are some books from other discipline of knowledge that are related to the topic of the analysis. The data that are taken from the main resource are the intransitive sentence in the novel. While the data that are taken from the secondary source are the theories which are going to be used in analyze the topic discussion of this thesis.

3.2 The Data Colleting Procedure

The data colleting procedure is begun by reading the novel Sydney Sheldon’s If Tomorrow Comes. While reading the novel, the writer marks the sentences which are interpreted as intransitive sentences. Then, the writer writes down, on a note book, all the intransitive sentence which have been marked before. After all the data from the novel have been collected, the writer continues to select the data. The next collecting data is done by reading several books which are related to the topic discussion. The, the writer collects all the data or theories to be selected.

3.3 The Data Selecting Procedure

Not all the data, which have been collected before, will be used in the analysis. Therefore, the writer selects some data which really relate to the topic discussion or which are strongly used in the analysis. The data taken from the novel contain the intransitive verbs, while the data that we take from other books relate to

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the theory of intransitive sentence structure. This step is done in order to choose the most appropriate data which are going to be analyze.

3.4 The Data Analyzing Procedure.

After all the data have been selected, the writer commits the next step as to analyze the data. This step is done by relating the data from the novel and theories from other book. This step is clearly described in chapter four, data analysis. This step is very important due to answer the three statements of problem in the previous chapter. The procedure is done by analyzing the intransitive sentence one by one, then the data will be analyzed by some theories.

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CHAPTER IV

DATA, DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS

4.1 DATA Number

of data DATA

1 The head cashier joked. Sheldon, (1986:7) 2 A teller complained. Sheldon, (1986:7) 3 I am soaked. Sheldon, (1986:7)

4 Charles was saying. Sheldon (1986:9) 5 Budge was beaming. Sheldon, (1986:208) 6 Mr. Stanhope murmured. Sheldon, (1986:14) 7 Otto Schmidt blinked. Sheldon, (1986:23) 8 He smiled lazily. Sheldon, (1986:306) 9 it’s raining. Sheldon, (1986:4:

10 The matron was gone. Sheldon, (1986:55) 11 The banking day had begun. Sheldon, (1986:12) 12 A pedestrian was approaching. Sheldon, (1986:27) 13 Louise Hollander’s mouth tightened. Sheldon, (1986:197) 14 The connection was broken. Sheldon, (1986:127)

15 Their discussion had continued through dinner at the old Bookbinder’s restaurant. Sheldon, (1986:9)

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17 He learned across his desk. Sheldon, (1986:12)

18 She sat in the tiny kitchen of her apartment. Sheldon, (1986:18) 19 Tracy lay on her bunk. Sheldon, (1986:56)

20 The huge artificial lake was nearby. Sheldon, (1986:98)

21 Tracy Whitney stepped out of the lobby of her apartment. Sheldon, (1986:6)

22 Tracy moved against the wall. Sheldon, (1986:103)

23 Walked into the large pleasant kitchen. Sheldon, (1986:94) 24 She jogged along the Westriverdrive. Sheldon, (1986:10) 25 They moved into the library. Sheldon, (1986:17)

26 Tracy paused in front of the statue of the thinker. Sheldon, (1986:10) 27 They shopped at head house Square. Sheldon, (1986:10)

28 Otto Schmidt stood in the doorway. Sheldon, (1986:22) 29 Work began at 6:00 A.M. Sheldon, (1986:77)

30 Warden Branningan looked up from his newspaper. Sheldon, (1986:101) 31 It’s snowing hard here. Sheldon, (1986:4)

32 The quard glanced up at the clock on the wall. Sheldon, (1986:11)

33 Tracy looked around at the lovely old oak-paneled room. Sheldon, (1986:17)

34 Tracy had grown up in that house. Sheldon, (1986:22) 35 She came out a few moments later. Sheldon, (1986:156) 36 He worked in a carnival. Sheldon, (1986:198)

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37 Desmond was the image of an important executive. Sheldon, (1986:12) 38 She was in her mid-twenties. Sheldon, (1986:6)

39 The Whitney residence was a Victorian house located in the Garden District in the residential section. Sheldon, (1986:13)

40 Joe Romano was mafia. Sheldon, (1986:91)

41 You’re one of our most valuable employees. Sheldon, (1986:12)

42 Stanhope and Sons was one of the most important investment houses in the financial community. Sheldon, (1986:13)

43 Her tenth birthday was the most exiting day of her life. Sheldon, (1986:55) 44 The weekly Friday-night poker at Perry Pope’s house was an event to

which all the players eagerly looked forward. Sheldon, (1986:139) 45 The prison grapevine was incredible. Sheldon, (1986:79)

46 Antohony Orsatty was a king who ran his fiefdom with bribes, guns. And black mail. Sheldon, (1986:128)

47 The carnies became Jeff’s friend. Sheldon, (1986:190)

48 She had her mother thinness and deep set, intelligent hazel eyes. Sheldon, (1986:95)

4.2 Data Analysis

In this chapter, the writer analyzes the intransitive sentences based on the theories which have been explained in the previous chapter. In order to analyze easier, the writer classifies the intransitive sentence into four intransitive patterns based on the theory of Downing and Locke, namely: Subject – Predicate, Subject – Predicate - Locative Complement, Subject – Predicate – Adjunct, and Subject – Predicate – Complement of the Subject.

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4.2.1 Subject – Predicate

This pattern consists of one subject and one verb without any additional complement or adjunct. This pattern can be called as the simplest pattern of sentence. Yet, the writer divides this pattern into several types in accordance to the kinds of verbs in the sentence. The followings are the intransitive sentences which are taken from Sidney Sheldon’s if tomorrow comes.

4.2.1.1 Subject – Predicate (Verbs of Behavior)

The following is the intransitive sentence which follows this pattern and is taken from the novel.

(1) The head cashier joked. Sheldon, (1986:7) S P

Data 1 consists of the structure: noun phrase (subject) and verb (predicate). In order to complete the sentence, data 1 can also be added some modifiers (time, place) since the verb ‘joked’ is an intransitive verb. In the novel, the data 1 has the function as the introductory of the conversation which explains the reader the expression of the character. This is the complete sentence of the data 1: “I passed two ducks swimming down Market Street,”the head cashier joked. And the sentence above contains an inherent activity. It can be seen from the kinds of verb ‘joked’ which categorized as the dynamic verb. The type of the situation in the sentence is activity because the activity in the sentence can be ended in certain time. The sentence above can also be classified into dynamic since the verb can be modified by adverb such as: ‘The Head Cashier Joked Activity’.

(2) A teller complained. Sheldon, (1986:7) S P

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Data 2 above has the structure: noun phrase (subject) and verb (predicator). The sentence does not necessarily need additional modifiers since the verb is intransitive verb. In other words, we can understand the sentence clearly without some additional modifiers or adverbs. Data 2 above contains an inherent activity which can be seen from the verb ‘complain’. The verb is the kind of dynamic verb which show the activities situation. Data 2 is also categorized as dynamic, not only because the type of verb is dynamic but also of the verb can be modified by adverb. With addition adverb, the sentence can be seen as “A teller complained lately”.

(3) I am soaked. Sheldon, (1986:7) S P

The data 3 has the structure: pronoun (subject) and verb phrase (predicate). The sentence does not necessarily any additional modifiers since the verb is an intransitive verb and the readers can also understand sentence clearly. Data 3 has the meaning event, because the verb ‘soaked’ can be categorized into dynamic verb, and the situation is activities because the activity can be ended in the certain time. Data 3 can also be classified into the characteristic dynamic since the verb can be modified by adverb.

(4) Charles was saying. Sheldon, (1986:9) S P

The data 4 has the structure: noun phrase (subject) and verb phrase (predicate). The sentence does not necessarily need an additional adverb or adjunct since the sentence, in the novel, has the introductory function to the conversation; Charles was saying. “ I hope you’re free for dinner tomorrow…” Sheldon, (1986:9). Data 4 above has the meaning inherent activity. It can be seen from the verb phrase ‘was saying’ which shows a progressing activity. Therefore, the situation is activities. The data 4 can also into the dynamic, since the verb can be modified by adverb.

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(5) Budge was beaming. Sheldon, (1986:208) S P

The data 5 has the structure: noun (subject) and verb phrase (predicate). The word ‘was’ which is attached to the predicator has the function as auxiliary verb to show the tense. The sentence also does not definitely need any additional modifier or complement since the verb is an intransitive verb. ). Data above has the meaning inherent activity. It can be seen from the verb ‘beaming’ which belongs to the category activities. The situation is also activities. The data 5 also has the characteristic dynamic.

(6) Mr. Stanhope murmured. Sheldon, (1986:14) S P

The data 6 has the structure: noun phrase (subject) and verb (predicator). The sentence does not necessarily need any complement or modifier since the verb is intransitive verb. The readers understand the sentence clearly without any additional modifier or complement. Data 6 has the meaning inherent activity since the verb shows an activity. The verb ‘murmured’ can be categorized into dynamic verb. The situation in the sentence is activities.

(7) Otto Schmidt blinked. Sheldon, (1986:23) S P

The data 7 has the structure: noun (subject) and verb (predicator). The verb does not necessarily need any complement or modifier since the readers can understand the sentence clearly without any addition. The verb is basically an intransitive verb. Data 7 happens in a very short time. It can be seen from the verb ‘blinked’ which belongs to semelfactive situation. This verb shows an activity which happens punctually. The

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data7 can be classified into punctual, since the verb shows an activity which occurs in a sudden or does not need any temporal duration.

(8) He smiled lazily. Sheldon, (1986:306) S P

The data 8 has the structure: pronoun (subject) and verb phrase (predicate). There is also word ‘lazily’ after the verb ‘smiled’. The word ‘lazily’ has the function as an adverb to clarify the verb. The writer classifies the data 8 into this pattern (subject-predicator) although there is an adverb in the sentence, since the verb ‘smiled’ is one of the verbs of behavior. In addition, the using of the adverb in the sentence is also optional. The sentence can also be understood clearly without the existence of the adverb as ‘He smiled’. The data 8 contains a situation which happens in a very sudden or punctual. The verb ‘smiled’ belongs to a dynamic verb. The type of situation is semelfactive. The data 8 can be categorized into dynamic since there is an adverb ‘lazily’ which has the function to modify the verb.

4.2.1.2 Subject – Predicate (Verbs of Weather)

(9) It’s raining. Sheldon, (1986:4) S P

The data 9 has the structure: pronoun (subject) and verb phrase (predicate). The auxiliary verb ‘was’ which is attached to the predicator has the function to show the tense of the sentence. The verb in the sentence does not necessarily need any additional modifier or complement since the sentence can be understood clearly. The data 9 explains a situation in a certain time. The verb ‘rain’ shows the unbounded process situation since the activity can end in a certain time. The data 9 can be classified into dynamic since the verb can be modified by adverb.

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4.2.1.3 Subject – Predicate (Verbs of Occurrence)

(10) The matron was gone. Sheldon, (1986:55)

S P

The data 10 has the structure: noun phrase (subject) and verb (predicate). The word ‘was’ is an auxiliary which shows the tense of the sentence. The addition of the modifier or adverb is optional since the type of verb in the sentence is intransitive verb. The sentence can be understood clearly without any addition. The data 10 shows an event since the activity is progressing, but the verb does not contain any process. The type of the situation is activities, and it can be classified into dynamic. The verb in the sentence can also modified by adverb as: “the matron was gone immediately”.

(11) The banking day had begun. Sheldon, (1986:12) S P

The structure of the data 11 is noun phrase (subject) and verb phrase (predicate). The subject is noun phrase by using gerund and predicator consists of auxiliary verb and verb. The predicator in the sentence does not necessarily need additional modifier or complement since the verb ‘begun’ is one of the intransitive verb. The sentence can be understood clearly without any modifier or complement. The data11 explains an activity which happens in immediate time. The verb ‘begun’ is categorized to achievements, and the situation is also achievements. The verb ‘begun’ has terminal points in the sentence, the banking day. Therefore, the verb ‘begun’ belongs to telic.

(12) A pedestrian was approaching. Sheldon, (1986:197) S P

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The structure of the data 12 is noun phrase (subject) and verb (predicate). The sentence does not necessarily need complement or modifier since the sentence can be understood clearly. The predicator in the sentence consists of to be which function as auxiliary verb to show the sentence. The meaning of data 12 is process. it means that the sentence explains about the situation which needs a process to achieve the target. The type of verb in the sentence is dynamic verb.

(13) Louse Hollander’s mouth tightened. Sheldon, (1986:197) S P

The structure of the data 13 is noun phrase (subject) and verb (predicate). Although the verb can be modified by modifier or complement, but it is not really necessary since the sentence can be understood clearly. The verb ‘tightened’ can also be modified by an adverb although in the novel the sentence is not completed by modifier or complement. Therefore, the data 13 can be classified into dynamic.

(14) The connection was broken. Sheldon, (1986:127) S P

The structure of the data 14 is a noun phrase which consists of definite article and noun, and the predicate consists of to be and verb. The verb ‘broken’ can be understood clearly without adding any modifier or complement. The data 14 is activity. It can be seen from the verb ‘broken’ which belong to states situation. The type of the state situation of this sentences is static since the verb does not show an activity which is happening or changing.

4.2.2 Subject – Predicate – Locative Complement

In this pattern, the writer divides the intransitive sentences based on the type of complement. There are two types of complement, namely: place or direction and destination.

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4.2.2.1 Subject - Predicate – Locative Complement (Direction)

(15) Their discussionhad continuedthrough dinner at the old Bookbinder’s

S P Lc

restaurant. Sheldon, (1986:9)

The structure of the data 15 is noun phrase (subject) and verb phrase (predicate) and prepositional phrase (locative complement). The data 15 definitely needs any complement since the verb ‘had continued’ belongs to intransitive locational verb. Intransitive locational verb needs prepositional phrase as the complement. There are two locative complement in the data 15,namely: the phrase ‘through dinner’ and phrase ‘at the old Bookbinder’s restaurant’. Both of the locative complements are applied to clarify the situation. The data 15 belongs to the achievements situation. It can be seen through the verb ‘had contained’ which shows an inherent terminal point, when the activity will end and we can also see the process of ending the activity. Therefore, the data 15 can be classified into the telic and punctual.

(16) Ernestine Little chapstoodthere. Sheldon, (1986:86) S P Lc

The structure of the data 16 is noun phrase (subject), verb (predicate) and adverb (locative complement). The adverb ‘there’ in the novel indicates to the prepositional phrase ‘in the exercise yard’. Here is the complete sentence of the data 16: “it was in the exercise yard…Ernestine Little chap stood there.”(85-86). The sentence needs complement or adverb since the ‘stood’ is an intransitive locational verb. In a sentence, this verb will not so clear without the additional of the locative complement. The data 16 is events. The verb is categorized into dynamic verb which indicates a temporary activity. The type of verb is atelic.

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(17) He learned across his desk. Sheldon, (1986:12) S P Lc

The structure of the data 17 is: pronoun (subject), verb (predicator) and prepositional phrase (locative complement). The verb needs any complement, modifier or prepositional phrase, since the verb ‘leaned’ is one of the intransitive locational verb. The existence of the modifier or prepositional phrase will complete the verb. The meaning of data 17 is event, because there is no process which done by the subject to reach the goal. The type of the verb is dynamic verb.

(18) She sat in the tiny kitchen of her apartment. Sheldon, (1986:18) S P Lc

The structure of the data 18 is: pronoun (subject), verb (predicate) and prepositional phrase (locative complement). The verb ‘sat’ requires prepositional phrase which refers to a place to modify the verb. The meaning of data 18 is durative, since the verb ‘sat’ is a dynamic verb. The data 18 can be classified into characteristic dynamic, since the verb can be modified by adverb.

(19) Tracy lay on her bunk. Sheldon, (1986:56) S P Lc

The structure of the data 19 is: noun (subject), verb (predicate) and prepositional phrase (locative complement). The verb ‘lay’ necessarily needs prepositional phrase as the reference to place in order to complete the meaning. The meaning of data 19 is event. It can be seen from the verb ‘lay’ which belongs to activity. The type of the verb is dynamic verb.

(20) The huge artificial lake wasnearby. Sheldon, (1986:98)

S P Lc

The data 20 consists of subject (noun phrase), predicator (to be) and locative complement (adverb). Due to the kinds of the predicator, the data 20 definitely needs an a locative complement, since the predicator to be (was) really acquires an

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additional adverb. In this case, the predicator to be (was) needs an adverb (nearly). This sentence also needs a locational adverb. The data 20 means static, the verb indicates an activity which progress in a long time. The kind of the situation in the sentence is states since the verb belongs to the stative verbs. The stative verb in the sentence indicates permanent situation or static. The predicator was can be classified into characteristic static, since the sentence indicates a non –happening situation.

4.2.2.2Subject – Predicator – Locative Complement (destination)

(21) Tracy Whitney stepped out of the lobby of her apartment. Sheldon, (1986:6)

S P Lc

The structure of the data is: noun (subject), verb phrase (predicate) and prepositional phrase (locative complement). The particle ‘out’ in the predicator ‘stepped out’ functions as an adverb. In this case, the meaning of the sentence is not obviously clear without the existence of the particle ‘out’. Without the existence of the particle ‘out’, the verb ‘stepped’ can produce a lot of meanings as if it is attached by other particles as ‘up’, ‘in’, and ‘out’. Therefore, we can conclude that the type of the verb is intransitive locational verb which definitely needs an adverb which indicates a place or destination. The type of situation in the data 21 is a process dynamic since there is a process done by the subject to achieve the goal. In addition, the verb ‘stepped out’ is one of dynamic verbs; therefore the type of situation is activities (unbounded process).

(22) Tracy moved against the wall. Sheldon, (1986:103) S P Lc

The data 22 consists of subject (noun), predicate (verb) and locative complement (preposition). The verb ‘moved’ is an intransitive locational verb, therefore the verb needs a locative complement. In this case, the particle ‘against’ clarifies the meaning of the sentence. The meaning data 22 is process. It can be seen from the type of the

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verb ‘moved’ as dynamic verb. The verb ‘moved’ can be modified by an adverb ‘slowly’ which becomes: “Tracy moved slowly against the wall. Therefore, the data 22 can be classified into dynamic.

(23) Tracy walked into the large pleasant kitchen. Sheldon, (1986:94)

S P Lc

The data 23 consists of noun (subject), verb (predicate) and prepositional phrase (locative complement). The verb ‘walked’ in the sentence is one of the intransitive locational verbs which certainly need a locative complement. In this data, there are two kinds of preposition namely: locative complement and into pleasant kitchen. The meaning of data 23 is process, since the verb ‘walked’ is one of activities (unbounded process) situation. The verb in the sentence indicates an activity which is progressing for a long time and it will end in the certain time.

(24) She jogged along the Westriverdrive. Sheldon, (1986:10) S P Lc

The data 24 consists of pronoun (subject), verb (predicate) and prepositional phrase (locative complement). The verb ‘jogged’ belongs to intransitive locational verb which definitely needs locative complement in the form of prepositional phrase. The function of the prepositional phrase (locative complement) in the sentence is to clarify the meaning of the sentence. The meaning of data 24 is process. In this case, the subject is still on the process to achieve the target or goal. The verb ‘jogged’ is also one of dynamic verbs, therefore the type of the situation in the sentence is activities (unbounded process).

(25) They moved into the library. Sheldon, (1986:17)

S P Lc

The data 25 consists of pronoun (subject), verb (predicate), and prepositional phrase (locative complement). The verb ‘moved’ is an intransitive locational verb which

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particularly needs a locative complement. If the sentence, in this case, only consists of subject – predicator as ‘they moved’, the meaning of the sentence is not clear enough although it is grammatically correct. The meaning of data 25 is process. It can be seen through the type of the verb ‘moved’ as dynamic verb. This sentence contains activities (unbounded process) situation.

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4.2.3. Subject – Predicate – Adjunct

In the novel, there are also some intransitive sentences which consist of the pattern S – P – A as follows:

(26) Tracy paused in front of the statue of the thinker. Sheldon, (1986:10)

S P A

The data 26 consists of noun (subject), verb (predicate) and preposition phrase (adjunct). The verb ‘paused’ in the sentence is an intransitive locational verb which needs an additional modifier or adverb in order to complete the meaning. The existence of the adjunct above is to give some more information to the reader. The meaning of data 26 is event since the subject has achieved the purpose or target. The verb ‘pause’ is a dynamic verb and the type of situation in the sentence is activities (unbounded process).

(27) They shoppedat Head House Square. Sheldon, (1986:10)

S P A

The data 27 consists of pronoun (subject), verb (predicate) and prepositional phrase (adjunct). The verb ‘shopped’ as one of intransitive locational verbs, needs an adverb to complete the meaning the sentence. If the sentence only consists of the simplest pattern S – P “They shopped”, the reader will not get clear information from the sentence. Therefore, the existence of the adverb, as one type of adjunct, is pretty important in order to complete the meaning of the sentence. The data 27 contains an inherent activity. The kind of situation in the sentence is activities (unbounded process) situation.

(28) Otto Schmidt stood in the doorway. Sheldon, (1986:22)

S P A

The data 28 consists of noun (subject), verb (predicate) and prepositional phrase (adjunct). The verb ’stood’ is an intransitive locational verb which needs additional

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modifier or adverb in order to complete the meaning of the sentence. In this case, the verb needs an adverb or adjunct. The meaning of data 28 is event, since the subject has achieved the goal or target. The type of situation is activities (unbounded process), since the verb ‘stood’ belongs to a verb which indicates an activity.

(29) Work began at 6:00 A.M. Sheldon, (1986:77)

S P A

The data 29 consists of noun (subject), verb (predicate) and prepositional phrase (adjunct). Since the adjunct which appears in this sentence is an indicator to the time information, the adjunct cannot be omitted due to avoid meaningless of the sentence. The kind of adjunct in this sentence is adverb of time. The data 29 indicates an activity which is done immediately and fast. The type of the situation is achievement. There is also an inherent terminal point found in the verb ‘began’. Therefore, the type of the verb is telic.

(30) Warden Branningan looked up from his newspaper. Sheldon. (1986:101)

S P A

The data 30 consists of noun (subject), verb phrase (predicate), and prepositional phrase (adjunct). Attached to the predicator, there is a particle ‘up’ which has a function to clarify the verb. Without the particle ‘up’, the meaning of the sentence is not obvious enough, since the verb ‘looked’ has lots a difference meaning especially if it is attached to other particles, such as ‘on’, ‘at’ and ‘through’. The type of the verb in the sentence is dynamic verb, while the kind of situation is activities (unbounded process). This data can also be classified into the dynamic.

(31) It is snowing hard here. Sheldon, (1986:4) S P A

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The data 31 consists of pronoun (subject), verb phrase (predicate) and adverb (adjunct). The adjunct ‘here’ has the function as to clarify that the activity is progressing in the certain place. In this case, the activity happens in New Orleans. The kind of the adjunct in this sentence is adverb of location. In data 31 the verb ‘snow’ is one of verbs of weather. After the verb ‘snow’, there is also an adverb ‘hard’ which has a function to modify the verb ‘snowing’. So, the data 30 can be classified into dynamic.

(32) The guardglanced up at the clock on the wall. Sheldon, (1986:11)

S P A

The data 32 consists of noun phrase (subject), verb phrase (predicate) and prepositional phrase (adjunct). In the sentence, there is a particle ‘up’ which attached to the verb ‘glance’. The verb needs the particle in order to clarify the meaning and to complete the sentence. The kind of adjunct in this sentence is adverbs of location (at the clock on the wall). The data 32 means an inherent activity which indicates an activity which is done immediately (punctual). Therefore, the verb ‘glance’ is also called as semelfactive situation. The sentence can be classified into punctual.

(33) Tracylooked aroundat the lovely old oak-paneled room. Sheldon, (1986:17)

S P A

The data 33 consists of noun (subject), verb phrase (predicate) and prepositional phrase (adjunct). There is also particle ‘around’ attached to the predicate ‘looked’ which has a function as an adverb to clarify the verb. Without the particle ‘around’, the activity in the sentence will not be obvious enough. It happens due to the complexity meaning of the verb ‘looked’. The data 32 means a progressing activity

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for certain duration (atelic). The verb ‘looked’ contains activities (unbounded process) situation. In addition the type of verb ‘looked’ is a dynamic verb.

(34) Tracyhad grown upin that house. Sheldon, (1986:22)

S P A

The structure of data 34 is noun (subject), verb phrase (predicate) and prepositional phrase (adjunct). There is also an auxiliary verb attached to the verb ‘grown up’ which has a function to indicate the tense. The types of the adjunct in this sentence is adverb of location. The existence of the adjunct gives much more information due to the happening of the activity. The data 34 indicates a process which had ended or indicates a permanent process. Therefore, the situation of the sentence is states and accomplishment (bounded process).

(35) She came out a few moments later. Sheldon, (1986:156)

S P A

The structure of the data 35 is pronoun (subject), verb phrase (predicate) and adverb (adjunct). The verb ‘came’ and the particle ‘out’ have become a unity which creates a single meaning. If the particle ‘out’ is omitted, the clear meaning of the verb will be missing. The kind of the adjunct is adverb of time. Although the addition of adjunct is sometimes optimal, the existence of adjunct in the novel is necessary to give some more information. The data 35 indicates an activity or process which will end in the certain time. The verb ‘came out’ is dynamic verb but it can still be classified into durative verb.

(36) Heworkedin a carnival. Sheldon, (1986:198) S P A

The structure of the data 36 is pronoun (subject), verb (predicate) and prepositional phrase (adjunct). The kind of the adjunct in the sentence is adverb of location. The existence of the adjunct is very necessary important in order to give more

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information about the place where the subject works. Then, data 36 indicates an event. The verb ‘worked’ is dynamic verb. In the novel, the data 36 is used to give information about a certain character. The following is the complete sentence in the novel “for Christ’s Sake, Louise, he’s a nothing. He worked in a carnival. My god, you might as well be marrying a stable hand…Sheldon, (1986:198). The data 36 belongs to states situation, since the sentence is atelic (no progress).

4.2.4. Subject – Predicate – Complement of the subject.

This pattern consists of subject, predicator and complement. The writer divides this pattern into two kinds according to the type of the verb.

4.2.4.1 Subject – Predicate – Complement of the subject (verb of being)

(37) Desmondwasthe image of an important executive. Sheldon, (1986:12)

S P Cs

The structure of the data 37 is noun (subject), auxiliary verb (predicate), and noun phrase (complement of the subject). The predicator ‘was’ can be classified into stative verb and verbs of being, since the predicator does not contain an activity. The phrase ‘the image of an important executive’ has the function to modify the subject. Without the existence of the phrase (complement of the subject), the sentence will not be meaningful and acceptable.

(38) Shewasin her mid-twenties. Sheldon, (1986:6) S P Cs

The structure of data 38 is pronoun (subject), auxiliary verb (predicate) and prepositional phrase (complement of the subject). The predicator is in the form of to be ‘was’ which belongs to verbs of being. In order to be clearer, here is the parts of the sentence in the novel ‘…She was in her mid-twenties, with a lively, intelligent face, a full, sensuous mouth, sparking eyes…’ Sheldon, (1986:6). From the whole parts of the sentence, it can be seen that the complement of the subject is not only in

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her mid-twenties, with a lively, and et cetera. Yet, the writer only selects out one prepositional phrase (complement of the subject), since the phrase can represent the position of the other phrases. Then data 38 indicates a static situation which is done in a long time. The predicator ‘was’ is one of stative verbs, and it can be categorized into states situation. The predicator ‘was’ can also be classified into static, since the sentence indicates a non-happening event.

(39) The Whitney residence was a Victorian house located in the Garden District in

S P Cs

the residential section. Sheldon, (1986:13)

The structure of the data 39 is noun phrase (subject), verb (predicate) and simple clause (complement of the subject). The complement of the subject ‘ a Victorian house located in the Garden District in the residential section’ has the function to clarify the subject ‘The Whitney residence’. Without the existence of the complement of the subject, the sentence will not be obvious enough. Than the data 39 indicates a static condition which will happen for a long time and the time is unlimited (atelic). The types of predicator is stative, so the situation which appears in the sentence is states. The sentence also indicates a non-happening event which describes permanent situation.

(40) Joe Romanowasmafia. Sheldon, (1986:91) S P Cs

The structure of the data 40 is noun (subject), verb (predicator) and adjective (complement of the subject). The complement of the subject is in form of adjective which has function to give more information about the subject ‘Joe Romano’. The data 40 can also be classified into the characteristic static since the sentence indicates a non-happening event, instead of merely describing the subject.

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(41) Youareone of our most valuable employees. Sheldon, (1986:12)

S P Cs

The structure of the data 41 is pronoun (subject), verb (predicate) and adjective phrase (complement of the subject). The complement of the subject ‘one of our most valuable employees’ has the function to clarify the subject ‘you’. The existence of the complement of the subject is definitely necessary to complete the structure and the meaning of the sentence. The data 41 can also be classified into static since the sentence contains a non-happening situation.

(42) Stanhope and Sonswasone of the most important investment houses in

S P Cs

the financial community. Sheldon, (1986:13)

The structure of the data 42 is noun phrase (subject), verb (predicate) and noun clause (complement of the subject). The type of the predicator is verb of being, so the sentence is classified into the intransitive sentence. The subject is plural, while the predicator is singular. It happens since the subject has been in a unity. The complement of the subject is necessary to modify the subject ‘Stanhope and Sons’. Than the data 42 indicates a static condition. The event happens for a long and unlimited time. Since the kind of the predicator is stative verb, the situation which appear in the sentence is states (static). The sentence also contains a non-happening situation.

(43) Her tenth birthdaywasthe most exciting day of her life. Sheldon, (1986:55)

S P Cs

The structure of the data 43 is noun phrase (subject), verb (predicate) and noun phrase (complement of the subject). In the noun phrase (complement of the subject) ‘the most exciting day of her life’, the head is ‘exciting day’, the determiner is ‘the’, ‘most’ as the modifier and the phrase ‘of her life’ is the adjunct. The whole

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complement of the subject is necessary to clarify the subject. Without the existence of the complement of the subject, the sentence will be hanging and incomplete. The type of the predicator is verb of being, so the sentence is totally as an intransitive sentence. In the novel, the sentence is used to explain a character when he was in tenth age. Since the predicator is stative verb, the situation which appears is states. The data 43 can also be classified into static, since the sentence contains a non-happening event.

(44) The weekly Friday-night poker at Perry Pope’s housewasan event to

S P

which all the players eagerly looked forward. Sheldon, (1986:139) Cs

The structure of the data 44 is noun phrase (subject), verb (predicate) and adjective clause (complement of the subject). The complement of the subject is adjectival phrase which consists of pronoun ‘which’ which has functioned as the modifier to the phrase ‘an event’. Over all, the whole parts of the complement of the subject give much more information to the subject. The type of the predicate is verb of being, so the sentence is classified into the intransitive sentence. The data 44 indicates a static condition which happens for a long time (atelic). The situation which appears in the sentence is states, since the type of the predicator is stative verb. The data 44 also contains non-happening event.

(45) The prison grapevinewasincredible. Sheldon, (1986:79) S P Cs

The structure of the data 45 is noun phrase (subject), verb (predicate) and adjective (complement of the subject). The predicator ‘was’ is auxiliary verb which is categorized into linking verb (verbs of being). The complement of the subject in this sentence is in the form of adjective which clarifies the subject ‘the prison grapevine’.

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The data 45 indicates a static meaning in which the condition happens for a long time (atelic). The predicator ‘was’ is stative verb, so the situation is states. This data can also be classified into characteristic (static) since the sentence contains a non-happening event.

(46) Anthony Orsattywasa king who ran his fiefdom with bribes, guns, and

S P Cs

black mail. Sheldon, (1986:128)

The data 46 consists of noun (subject), verb (predicate) and adjective clause (complement of the subject). The complement of the subject in this data consists of adjective clause. Therefore, the writer divides again the complement of the subject into several parts. ‘A king’ is a noun phrase, ‘who ran his fiefdom’ is adjective clause, while ‘with bribes, guns, and black mail’ is the adverb. The subordinate conjunction ‘who’ is the subject of the adjective clause. The data 46 constains a static meaning which happens for a long time (atelic). The predicator is stative verb, so the situation which appears is states. The data 46 can also be classified into static since the sentence contains a non-happening event.

4.2.4.2 Subject – Predicate – Complement of the subject (verbs of becoming)

(47) The carniesbecameJeff’s friend. Sheldon, (1986:190) S P Cs

The structure of the data 47 is noun phrase (subject), verb (predicate) and noun phrase (complement of the subject). Noun phrase in the subject consists of definite article ‘the’ and noun ‘carnies’. The predicator is verb of coming. The complement of the subject ‘Jeff’s friend’ consists of possession or possessive pronoun. The data 47 indicates a condition which is resulting attributes. The

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predicate ‘became’ is a dynamic verb and it is also categorized into verbs of becoming. The situation which appears is states, since the event is static and atelic. (48) Shehadher mother thinness and deepset, intelligent hazel eyes.

S P Cs Sheldon, (1986:95)

The structure of the data 48 is pronoun (subject), verb (predicate) and noun phrase (complement of the subject). In the complement of the subject, the noun phrase is placed as an adjective which describes the physical thing of the subject ‘she’. Without the existence of the complement of the subject, the sentence will be completely blur or emerge. Since the type of the predicator is verb of becoming, the sentence is categorized into intransitive sentence. Based on the sentence, the data 48 indicates a condition which is static and happens for a long time (telic). It happens because the type of predicator is a verb of becoming. The situation which appears is states, since the verb ‘became’ is also classified into stative verb. The data 48 can also be classified into static, as the sentence contains a non-happening event.s

4.3. Findings

After analyzing the intransitive sentence in Sidney Sheldon’s If Tomorrow Comes by using descriptive analysis, the writer finally comes to the findings. The numbers of the data which have been analyzed are 48. All the data are intransitive sentence which are analyzed and classified into several intransitive patterns. Referring to the statements of problem, there are two findings as follows:

1. The writer classifies the intransitive sentence into four intransitive patterns based on the theory of Downing and Locke, namely: Subject –

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Predicate, Subject – Predicate – Locative Complement, Subject – Predicate – Adjunct, and Subject- Predicate – Complement of the subject, for more details we can see on page appendix 1.

2. The writer classifies the kinds of verbs in intransitive sentence into dynamic verb with several categories and stative verb with particularly some categories, for more details we can see on page appendix 2.

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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

5.1. Conclusions

From the 48 data which have been discussed in the previous chapter, there are 14 data which follows the pattern Subject – Predicate. There are 11 data which follow the intransitive pattern Subject – Predicate – Locative complement. In addition, there also 11 data which follow the intransitive pattern Subject – Predicate – adjunct. There are 12 data which follow the intransitive pattern Subject – Predicate – complement of subject.

From the 48 data which have been discussed in the previous chapter, there are 37 data which belong to dynamic verb with several categories. There are 8 intransitive sentence are using verb of behavior verb, 2 sentences are using of weather and 5 sentence are using verb of occurrence. In addition, there are 11 sentence using locational verb, 1 sentence is using telic dynamic verb and 2 sentence using event dynamic verb. Besides that, there are also 2 sentence using proses dynamic verb, 1 sentence is using punctual dynamic verb, 2 sentence are using durative dynamic verb, and 2 sentence are using verb of becoming. Some intransitive sentences are using stative verbs. Besides the kinds of dynamic verb above, from the 48 data, there are also 11 sentences which using stative verb with particularly some categories. There are 10 sentences are using verb of being and 1 sentence is using locational verb.

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house. She is assigned an attorney named Perry Pope who, to her ignorance, works for the mafia. Pope convinces her to plead guilty in court before Judge Lawrence (who is also secretly a mafia man) and promises that she’ll be given only a three-month prison sentence. She follows his advice, and realizes in court that it was all a setup by Orsatti and Romano to destroy her- Lawrence sentence her to 15 years of incarceration in Southern Louisiana Penitentiary for Women. Charles doesn’t give her a chance to let her explain her version of the incident, and leaves her at her fate with his unborn child in her womb. Tracy enters a life of hardship, sexual harassment and violence at the penitentiary and vows revenge against all those who harmed her and her mother. The title of the novel itself is from a melodramatic quote in the novel, where Tracy vows to take her revenge tomorrow, if tomorrow comes:

“She was going to make them pay….Tomorrow, she thought if tomorrow comes”

Eventually, she becomes the nanny for the prison warden’s young daughter, a job that leads to her release from jail. After coming out, she cunningly sets up distrust among Romano, Perry Pope and Orsatti, and frames Judge Lawrence in Russia over spying charges, thus ruining Anthony Orsatti’s empire.

Desperate, unable to find a job as an ex-convict, she turns to well known New York City jewelry store owner (and fence) who helps her make some fast money in a jewel heist. Escaping with the goods, Tracy has an encounter with Jeff Stevens, a master con man. Stevens steals the jewels from Tracy, who realizes she’s been had. She then cons Jeff, taking back her prize. Not long after, Tracy travels to England and is introduced to Gunther Hartog, a world-class fence for valuable stolen

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property. Thus begins her life as one of the world’s cleverest criminals. Tracy pursues some brilliant con schemes filled with humor and ingenuity all over Europe – such as stealing jewelry from an actress on the Orient Express, valuable painting from a museum, reselling a gem to a jeweler for much higher than its worth, etc. The Interpol issues alerts all over Europe in search of – as they perceive it- a gang of con-women. Only Daniel Cooper, a plain-looking sociopath and insurance investigator, seems capable of matching Tracy’s brilliance, although he never manages to catcher red-handed. In the end, after having collected enough money to live a luxurious life, Tracy and Jeff plan to marry and live together in Brazil as law-abiding citizens.

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APPENDIX IV

BIOGRAPHY OF SIDNEY SHELDON

Date of Birth : 11 February 1917, Chicago, Illinois, USA

Date of Death : 30 January 2007, Rancho Mirage, California, USA (complications from pneumonia)

Birth Name : Sidney Schechtel

Sheldon was born in Chicago on February 17, 1917. He began writing as a youngster and at the age of ten he made his first sale of poem for $ 10. During the Depression, he worked at a variety of jobs and while attending Northwestern University he contributed short plays to drama groups.

At seventeen, he decided to try his luck in Hollywood. The only job he could find was as a reader of prospective film material at Universal pictures for $22 a week. At night he wrote his own screenplays and was able to sell one called “South of Panama,” to the studio for $250 in 1941.

During World War II, he served as a pilot in the Army Air Corps. After the war he established a reputation as being a prolific writer in the New York theater community. At one point during this career he had three musicals on Broadway including a rewritten version of “The Merry Widow,” “Jackpot” and “Dream with Music.” Eventually he received a Tony award as part of the writing team for the Gwen Vendor hit “Redhead” which brought to the attention of Hollywood.

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His first assignment after his return to Hollywood was The Bachelor and the Bobby-Soxer (1947) starring Cary Grant, Myrna Loy and Shirley Temple, which won him an Academy Award for best original screenplay of 1947. In his 1982 interview he described his years under contract with MGM as, “I never stopped working. One day Dore Schary (who was ten production head) looked at a list of MGM projects currently under production and noted that I had written eight of them, more than three other writers put together. That afternoon, he made me a producer.”

In the early 1960swhen the movie industry was hurting because of television’s popularity, Sheldon decided to make a switch. “I suppose I needed money,” he remembered. “I met Patty Duke one day at lunch and stated producing “The Party Duke Show,” (that starred Duke playing two identical cousins). I did something nobody else in TV ever did at that time. For seven years, I wrote almost every single episode of the series.”

His next series was “I Dream of Jeannie,” which he also created as well as produced, lasted five seasons, 1965 – 1970. The show concerned as astronaut, Larry Hagman, who lands on a desert island and discovers a bottle containing a beautiful, 2,000-year-old genie, played by Barbara Eden, who accompanies him back to Florida and eventually marries her.

According to Sheldon it was “during the last year of “ I Dream of Jeannie,” I decided to try a novel. Each morning from 9 until noon, I had a secretary at the studio take all calls. I mean every single call. I wrote each morning or rather, dictated and then I faced the TV business.” The result was “The Naked Face,” which was scorned by book reviewers but sold 21,000 copies in hardcover. The novel scored

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even bigger in paperback, where it reportedly sold 3.1 million copies. Thereafter Sheldon named would continually be on the best-seller lists, often reigning on top for months at a time.

Sheldon’s books including title like “Range of Angles,” “The Other Side of Midnight,” “Master of Game” and “If Tomorrow Comes,” provided him with his greatest frame. They featured cleverly plots with sensuality and high degree of suspense, a device that kept fans from being unable to putting his books down. In a 1982 interview Sheldon told of how he created his novels; “I try to write my books so the reader can’t put them down. I try to construct them so when the reader gets to the end of a character, he or she has to readjust one more chapter. It’s the technique of the old Saturday afternoon serial: leave the guy hanging on the edge of the cliff at the end of the chapter.”

Explaining why so many women bought his books, he once commented that: “I like to write about women, who are talented and capable, but most important, retain their femininity. Women have tremendous power, their femininity, because men can’t do without it.”

Sheldon had few fans among highbrow critics, whose reviews of his books were generally reproachful of both Sheldon and his readers. Sheldon however remained undeterred, promoting the novels and himself with warm enthusiasm. A big, cheerful man, he bragged about his work habits. Unlike other novelists who toil over typewriters or computers, Sheldon would dictate fifty page a day to a secretary or a tape machine. He would correct the pages the following day and dictate another fifty pages continuing the routine until he had between 1,200 to 1,500 pages. “Then I

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would do a complete rewrite 12 to 15 times,” he said. “Sometimes I would spend a whole year rewriting.”

Sheldon prided himself on the authenticity of his novel. During a 1987 interview he remarked that: “If I write about a place, I have been there. If I write about a meal in Indonesia, I have eaten there in that restaurant. I don’t think you can fool the reader.” For his novel “Windmills of the Mind,” that dealt with the CIA, he interviewed former CIA chief Richard Helms, traveled to Argentina and Romania, and spent a week in Junction City, Kansas where the books heroine had lived.

After a career that had earned him a Tony, an Oscar and an Emmy (for “I Dream of Jeannie”), Sheldon declared that his work as a novelist was his best work. “I love writing books,” he once commented. “Movies are a collaborative medium, and everyone is second-guessing you. When you do a novel you’re on your own. It’s a freedom that doesn’t exist in any other medium.” Several of his novels became television miniseries, often with the Sheldon severing as producer.

He was married for more than 30 years to Jorja Curtright Sheldon, a stage and film actress who later became a prominent interior decorator. After her death in 1985 he married Alexandra Sheldon, a former child actress and advertising executive, in 1989. Sheldon died January 30, 2007 of complications from pneumonia at Eisenhower Medical Center in Rancho Mirage, California according with his wife, Alexandra, was by his side.

An Analysis of Intransitive Sentence in Sidney Sheldon’s If Tomorrow Comes

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ABSTRACT

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

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