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The structure of the data 12 is noun phrase subject and verb predicate. The sentence does not necessarily need complement or modifier since the sentence
can be understood clearly. The predicator in the sentence consists of to be which function as auxiliary verb to show the sentence. The meaning of data 12 is process. it
means that the sentence explains about the situation which needs a process to achieve the target. The type of verb in the sentence is dynamic verb.
13 Louse Hollander’s mouth tightened
. Sheldon, 1986:197 S
P The structure of the data 13 is noun phrase subject and verb predicate. Although
the verb can be modified by modifier or complement, but it is not really necessary since the sentence can be understood clearly. The verb ‘tightened’ can also be
modified by an adverb although in the novel the sentence is not completed by modifier or complement. Therefore, the data 13 can be classified into dynamic.
14 The connection was broken. Sheldon, 1986:127 S
P The structure of the data 14 is a noun phrase which consists of definite article and
noun, and the predicate consists of to be and verb. The verb ‘broken’ can be understood clearly without adding any modifier or complement. The data 14 is
activity. It can be seen from the verb ‘broken’ which belong to states situation. The type of the state situation of this sentences is static since the verb does not show an
activity which is happening or changing.
4.2.2 Subject – Predicate – Locative Complement
In this pattern, the writer divides the intransitive sentences based on the type of complement. There are two types of complement, namely: place or direction and
destination.
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4.2.2.1 Subject - Predicate – Locative Complement Direction
15 Their discussion
had continued through dinner at the old Bookbinder’s S
P Lc
restaurant. Sheldon, 1986:9
The structure of the data 15 is noun phrase subject and verb phrase predicate
and prepositional phrase locative complement. The data 15 definitely needs any complement since the verb ‘had continued’ belongs to intransitive
locational verb. Intransitive locational verb needs prepositional phrase as the complement. There are two locative complement in the data 15,namely: the phrase
‘through dinner’ and phrase ‘at the old Bookbinder’s restaurant’. Both of the
locative complements are applied to clarify the situation. The data 15 belongs to the achievements situation. It can be seen through the verb ‘had contained’ which shows
an inherent terminal point, when the activity will end and we can also see the process of ending the activity. Therefore, the data 15 can be classified into the telic and
punctual. 16
Ernestine Little chap stood there. Sheldon, 1986:86
S P Lc
The structure of the data 16 is noun phrase subject, verb predicate and adverb locative complement.
The adverb ‘there’ in the novel indicates to the prepositional phrase ‘in the exercise yard’. Here is the complete sentence of the data 16: “it was in
the exercise yard…Ernestine Little chap stood there.”85-86. The sentence needs
complement or adverb since the ‘stood’ is an intransitive locational verb. In a sentence, this verb will not so clear without the additional of the locative
complement. The data 16 is events. The verb is categorized into dynamic verb which indicates a temporary activity. The type of verb is atelic.
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17 He
learned across his desk. Sheldon, 1986:12 S P
Lc The structure of the data 17 is: pronoun subject, verb predicator and
prepositional phrase locative complement. The verb needs any complement,
modifier or prepositional phrase, since the verb ‘leaned’ is one of the intransitive locational verb. The existence of the modifier or prepositional phrase will complete
the verb. The meaning of data 17 is event, because there is no process which done by the subject to reach the goal. The type of the verb is dynamic verb.
18 She
sat in the tiny kitchen of her apartment. Sheldon, 1986:18 S P
Lc The structure of the data 18 is: pronoun subject, verb predicate and prepositional
phrase locative complement. The verb ‘sat’ requires prepositional phrase which
refers to a place to modify the verb. The meaning of data 18 is durative, since the verb ‘sat’ is a dynamic verb. The data 18 can be classified into characteristic
dynamic, since the verb can be modified by adverb. 19
Tracy lay on her bunk. Sheldon, 1986:56
S P Lc
The structure of the data 19 is: noun subject, verb predicate and prepositional phrase locative complement.
The verb ‘lay’ necessarily needs prepositional phrase as the reference to place in order to complete the meaning. The meaning of data 19 is
event. It can be seen from the verb ‘lay’ which belongs to activity. The type of the verb is dynamic verb.
20 The huge artificial lake
was nearby. Sheldon, 1986:98 S
P Lc
The data 20 consists of subject noun phrase, predicator to be and locative complement adverb.
Due to the kinds of the predicator, the data 20 definitely needs an a locative complement, since the predicator to be was really acquires an
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additional adverb. In this case, the predicator to be was needs an adverb nearly. This sentence also needs a locational adverb. The data 20 means static, the verb
indicates an activity which progress in a long time. The kind of the situation in the sentence is states since the verb belongs to the stative verbs. The stative verb in the
sentence indicates permanent situation or static. The predicator was can be classified into characteristic static, since the sentence indicates a non –happening situation.
4.2.2.2 Subject – Predicator – Locative Complement destination
21 Tracy Whitney stepped out of the lobby of her apartment. Sheldon, 1986:6 S
P Lc
The structure of the data is: noun subject, verb phrase predicate and prepositional phrase locative complement.
The particle ‘out’ in the predicator ‘stepped out’ functions as an adverb. In this case, the meaning of the sentence is not obviously
clear without the existence of the particle ‘out’. Without the existence of the particle ‘out’
, the verb ‘stepped’ can produce a lot of meanings as if it is attached by other particles as ‘up’, ‘in’, and ‘out’. Therefore, we can conclude that the type of the verb
is intransitive locational verb which definitely needs an adverb which indicates a place or destination. The type of situation in the data 21 is a process dynamic since
there is a process done by the subject to achieve the goal. In addition, the verb ‘stepped out’
is one of dynamic verbs; therefore the type of situation is activities unbounded process.
22 Tracy
moved against the wall. Sheldon, 1986:103 S
P Lc
The data 22 consists of subject noun, predicate verb and locative complement preposition.
The verb ‘moved’ is an intransitive locational verb, therefore the verb needs a locative complement. In this case, the particle ‘against’ clarifies the meaning
of the sentence. The meaning data 22 is process. It can be seen from the type of the
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verb ‘moved’ as dynamic verb. The verb ‘moved’ can be modified by an adverb ‘slowly’
which becomes: “Tracy moved slowly against the wall. Therefore, the data 22 can be classified into dynamic.
23 Tracy
walked into the large pleasant kitchen. Sheldon, 1986:94 S
P Lc
The data 23 consists of noun subject, verb predicate and prepositional phrase locative complement
. The verb ‘walked’ in the sentence is one of the intransitive locational verbs which certainly need a locative complement. In this data, there are
two kinds of preposition namely: locative complement and into pleasant kitchen. The meaning of data 23 is process, since the verb ‘walked’ is one of activities unbounded
process situation. The verb in the sentence indicates an activity which is progressing for a long time and it will end in the certain time.
24 She
jogged along the Westriverdrive. Sheldon, 1986:10 S P
Lc The data 24 consists of pronoun subject, verb predicate and prepositional phrase
locative complement. The verb ‘jogged’ belongs to intransitive locational verb
which definitely needs locative complement in the form of prepositional phrase. The function of the prepositional phrase locative complement in the sentence is to
clarify the meaning of the sentence. The meaning of data 24 is process. In this case, the subject is still on the process to achieve the target or goal. The verb ‘jogged’ is
also one of dynamic verbs, therefore the type of the situation in the sentence is activities unbounded process.
25 They
moved into the library. Sheldon, 1986:17 S
P Lc
The data 25 consists of pronoun subject, verb predicate, and prepositional phrase locative complement.
The verb ‘moved’ is an intransitive locational verb which
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particularly needs a locative complement. If the sentence, in this case, only consists of subject – predicator as ‘they moved’, the meaning of the sentence is not clear
enough although it is grammatically correct. The meaning of data 25 is process. It can be seen through the type of the verb ‘moved’ as dynamic verb. This sentence
contains activities unbounded process situation.
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4.2.3. Subject – Predicate – Adjunct
