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Indonesian words rusak is articulated as [ɾosak], and tujuh is articulated as [tuʤoh]. The rule is shown below.
[u] [o]
[+ cons] ___ [+cons]
+ high - high
- low - low
[+ cons] ___ [+cons] + back
+ back + rounded
+ rounded
Based on the rule above, we can see that the features of the sound [u] and
[o] are quite similar. Both of them have [- low], [+ back], and [+ rounded]. The only difference is that, the sound [u] is height vowel whereas the sound [o] is mid
vowel.
4.1.1.3 Re-interpretation
The following are instances of re-interpretation cases that are likely to be found when Malaysian speakers speaking Indonesian
Table 4.5 The sound [ə] in final positions
Words Indonesian
Phonetic Transcription
Informant Phonetic
Transcription Meaning
Angkasa [aŋkasa]
[aŋkasə] ‘space’
Bandara [bandara]
[bandarə] ‘airport’
Pertama [pərtama]
[pə:tamə] ‘first’
Rahasia [rahasi
y
a] [rahasi
y
ə] ‘secret’
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Bangga [bangga]
[baŋgə] ‘proud’
Saudara
[saʊdara] [saʊdaɾə]
‘family’
Bendera [bəndera]
[bəndeɾə] ‘flag’
Malaysian speakers replace central, low, unrounded vowel [a] in word final positions with a higher vowel that is, central, mid vowel [ə]. For example,
angkasa is pronounced as [aŋkasə], bandara as [bandarə], pertama as [pə:tamə], and rahasia as [rahasi
y
ə]. This phenomenon is interference from the impressive schwa-variety of Malaysian Clynes Deterding, 2011:264. The rule of this
interference is presented below.
[a] [ə]
[+cons] ___
- high - high
+ low - low
+ back - back
- rounded - rounded
[+cons]_____
The rule above shows that the sound [a] [-high, +low, +back, -rounded] is changed to [ə] [-high, -low, -back, -rounded] when preceded by a consonant in
final positions.
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Table 4.6 English loanwords in Malaysian
Words Indonesian
Phonetic Transcription
Informant Phonetic
Transcription Meaning
Bilingual [biliŋu
w
al] [bailiŋgu
w
əl] ‘bilingual’
Final
[final] [fainəl]
‘final’
Virus [firʊs]
[vaiɾəs] ‘virus’
Strategi [stratəgi]
[st:atiʤi] ‘strategy’
Konstruksi [konstrʊksi]
[kənstɾaksi] ‘construction’
Eksekutif [eksəkutɪf]
[eksəkyutɪf] ‘executive’
Fokus
[fokʊs] [fokəs]
‘focus’
Basically, Malaysian alphabet will be pronounced the same way as in English. Further, there are numerous numbers of English loanwords in Malaysian.
Accordingly, when Malaysian speakers pronounce those loanwords in Indonesian, they will re-interpret it with their English accent. For that reason, they articulate
Indonesian words bilingual as [bailiŋgu
w
əl], final as [fainəl] instead of [final], virus as [vaiɾəs] instead of [firʊs], strategi as [st:atiʤi], and konstruksi as
[kənstɾaksi].
Table 4.7 The sound [r] in final positions
Words Indonesian
Phonetic Transcription
Informant Phonetic
Transcription Meaning
Dengar [dəŋar]
[dəŋa:] ‘hear’
Gambar [gambar]
[gamba:] ‘picture’
Hancur [hanʧʊr]
[hanʧu:] ‘broken’
Meter [metər]
[mitə:] ‘meter’
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Parkir [parkɪr]
[paɾki:] ‘parking’
Pergi
[pərgi] [pə:gi]
‘go’
Sopir [sopɪr]
[sopi:] ‘driver’
Senter [sentər]
[sentə:] ‘torch’
In Indonesian, there is post-vocalic r as a rolled alveolar consonant which is pronounced trill wherever it occurs, whereas Malaysian speakers literally drop
r at the end of syllables and lengthen the preceding vowel. As a result, Malaysian speakers pronounce Indonesian words, dengar as [dəŋa:], instead of
[dəŋar], gambar as [gamba:], instead of [gambar], hancur as [hanʧu:], instead of [hanʧʊr], and so on. The rules are displayed below.
[r] Ø
[+sil] __ Ø
α [+sil] α [+sil] ___
Based on the rule above, first we can see that the sound [r] will be devoiced or disappear in final positions and lengthen the preceding vowel.
From the explanations above, there are 41 words of total 250 words that contain phonic interference of Malaysian. Thus, the degree of phonic interference
of Malaysian into Indonesian is 41250 x 100 = 16 .
4.1.2 The Phonic Interference of Turkish into Indonesian
