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These phonic interference cases of Malaysian are classified into three categories. The first category is substitution with one case, followed by under-differentiation
with three cases, and re-interpretation with three cases respectively. The interference of Malaysian sounds into Indonesian for each of these categories is
explained below.
4.1.1.1 Substitution
The following is substitution case of the contrast of Malaysian sounds that are likely to pronounce by Malaysian speakers when learning Indonesian.
Table 4.1 The sound [f] substituted by [v]
Words Indonesian
phonetic Transcription
Informant Phonetic
Transcription Meaning
Vas [fas]
[vas] ‘vas’
Televisi [telefisi]
[televisi] ‘television’
Karnaval [karnafal]
[kərnaval] ‘carnival’
Vanila [fanila]
[vanila] ‘vanilla’
Verbal
[ferbal] [vəɾbal]
‘verbal’
Video [fide
y
o] [vidi
y
o] ‘video’
Malaysian speakers are likely to replace the sound [f] with voiced labiodental [v] in order to pronounce the letter ‘v’, that occurs in an Indonesian
word both in initial and medial positions. On the other hand, the sound [f] in Indonesian can be used to pronounce both the letter ‘f’ and ‘v’, since the sound [v]
is not part of Indonesian phonological system. Hence, the respondents tend to
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substitute the Indonesian words televisi as [televisi] instead of [telefisi], karnaval as [kaɾnaval] instead of [kaɾnafal], universitas as [yuniveɾsitas] instead of
[unifeɾsitas], vanila as [vanila] instead of [fanila]. The rule is presented as follows.
[f] [v] ___ [+ sil]
- coronal - coronal
+ anterior + anterior
- sonorant - sonorant
+ continuant + continuant
____ [ + sil]
- voiced + voiced
4.1.1.2 Under-differentiation
The cases of under-differentiation of Malaysian sounds that are likely to be produced by Malaysian speakers of Indonesian are displayed below.
Table 4.2 The sound [i] contrasts with [e]
Words Indonesian
phonetic Transcription
Informant Phonetic
Transcription Meaning
Habis
[habis] [habes]
‘finish’
Ingin
[iŋɪn] [iŋen]
‘want’
Izin [izin]
[izen] ‘allow’
Licin [liʧɪn]
[liʧen] ‘slippery’
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Under-differentiation case that done by Malaysian speakers is the front, high, unrounded vowel i contrasts with front, mid, unrounded vowel e and vice
versa. In Malaysian, vowel i has mid realizations in final closed syllables. For example, habis is pronounced as [habes], izin is pronounced as [izen], and licin is
pronounced as [liʧen]. The rule is presented below. [i]
[e] [+ cons] ___ [+cons]
+ high - high
- low - low
[+ cons] ___ [+cons] - back
- back - rounded
- rounded
Based on the rule above, first we can see that the sound [i] will change to
the sound [e] between consonants. The second is that, the features of the sound [i] and [e] are similar. Both of them have [- low], [- back], and [- rounded]. The only
difference is that, the sound [i] is height vowel whereas the sound [e] is mid vowel. Both the sounds [i] and [e] in Malaysian can occur in initial, medial, and
final positions.
Table 4.3 The sound [e] contrasts with [i]
Words Indonesian
phonetic Transcription
Informant Phonetic
Transcription Meaning
Melon
[melon] [milon]
‘honewdew’
Meter [metər]
[mitə:] ‘meters’
Kecap [keʧap]
[kiʧap] ‘soysauce’
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Another under-differentiation sample found in Malaysian when articulated Indonesian words is the phoneme e, that is contrasted perfectly with the
phoneme i at the first syllables. Consequently, Malaysian speakers pronounce melon as [milon], meter as [mitə:], and kecap as [kiʧap].
[e] [i]
[+ cons] ___ [+cons]
- high + high
- low - low
- back - back
[+ cons] ___ [+cons] - rounded
- rounded
The rule above shows that the features of the sound [i] and [e] are quite similar. These sounds have [- low], [- back], and [- rounded]. The only difference
is that, the sound [e] is mid vowel, whereas the sound [i] is height vowel.
Table 4.4 The sound [u] contrasts with [o]
Words Indonesian
phonetic Transcription
Informant Phonetic
Transcription Meaning
Rusak [rusa’]
[ɾosa’] ‘damage’
Tujuh [tuʤuh]
[tuʤoh] ‘seven’
The other kind of under-differentiation is the contrast between vowel u and vowel o. Malaysian speakers tend to substitute back, height, rounded vowel
u with back, mid, rounded vowel o at the end of syllables. For that reason,
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Indonesian words rusak is articulated as [ɾosak], and tujuh is articulated as [tuʤoh]. The rule is shown below.
[u] [o]
[+ cons] ___ [+cons]
+ high - high
- low - low
[+ cons] ___ [+cons] + back
+ back + rounded
+ rounded
Based on the rule above, we can see that the features of the sound [u] and
[o] are quite similar. Both of them have [- low], [+ back], and [+ rounded]. The only difference is that, the sound [u] is height vowel whereas the sound [o] is mid
vowel.
4.1.1.3 Re-interpretation
