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From the explanations above, there are 88 words of total 250 words that contain phonic interference of Turkish. Thus, the degree of phonic interference of
Turkish into Indonesian is 86250 x 100 = 34 .
4.1.3 The Phonic Interference of English into Indonesian
There are numerous cases of phonic interference that are likely to be found when English speakers pronounce Indonesian sounds at different segments:
consonant, vowel, and cluster. These phonic interference cases of English are classified into four categories. The first category is substitution with three cases,
followed by under-differentiation with one case, then over-differentiation with five cases, and the last is re-interpretation with eight cases. The interference of
English sounds into Indonesian for each of these categories are described below.
4.1.3.1 Substitution
The following are examples of substitution cases that are likely to be found when English speakers producing Indonesian words.
Table 4.24 The sound [ʃ] substituted by [si]
Words Indonesian
Phonetic Transcription
Informant Phonetic
Transcription Meaning
Syarat [ʃarat]
[sia ɾat]
‘requirement’
Masyarakat [maʃarakat]
[masia ɾakat]
‘society’
English phonemic inventories have the sound [ʃ] as in Indonesian. The difference is English voiceless palate-alveolar fricative [ʃ]’s cluster consists of the
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letters ‘s’ and ‘h’ while Indonesian [ʃ]’s cluster consists of the letters ‘s’ and ‘y’. As an example, English [ʃ] found in ‘she’ [ʃi:], ‘shy’ [ʃai], ‘shin’ [ʃIn], whereas
Indonesian [ʃ] is in syarat [ʃarat]. The difference between the [ʃ]’s cluster in English and Indonesian caused English speaker unable to pronounce syarat
appropriately although they can articulate [ʃ] sound. Consequently, they tend to substitute [y] with high front vowel [i]. Therefore, Indonesian word syarat is
articulated as [siarat] instead of [ʃarat], and masyarakat as [masiaɾakat] instead of [maʃarakat].
Table 4.25 The sound [f] substituted by [v]
Words Indonesian
Phonetic Transcription
Informant Phonetic
Transcription Meaning
Vas [fas]
[vas] ‘vas’
Vanila [fanila]
[vanila] ‘vanilla’
Verbal [ferbal]
[ve ɾbal]
‘verbal’
Video
[fide
y
o] [vidi
y
o] ‘video’
Favorit [faforɪt]
[fevə ɾɪt]
‘favorite’
The phone substitution that done by English native speakers is the replacement of voiceless labiodental [f] with voiced labiodental [v] in order to
pronounce the letter ‘v’, that occurs in an English loanword both in initial and medial positions. Meanwhile, Indonesian sound [f] can be used to pronounce both
the letter ‘f’ and ‘v’ since the sound [v] is not part of Indonesian phonological system. For that reason, the respondents tend to substitute the Indonesian words
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televisi as [televisi] instead of [telefisi], karnaval as [kaɾnaval] instead of [kaɾnafal], universitas as [yuniveɾsitas] instead of [unifeɾsitas], vanila as [vanila]
instead of [fanila]. The rule is presented below.
[f] [v] ___ [+ sil]
- coronal - coronal
+ anterior + anterior
- sonorant - sonorant
+ continuant + continuant
____ [ + sil]
- voiced + voiced
Table 4.26 The sound [a] contrasted with [æ]
Words Indonesian
Phonetic Transcription
Informant Phonetic
Transcription Meaning
Bahasa [bahasa]
[bæhasa] ‘language’
Radio [radi
y
o] [
ɾædi
y
o] ‘radio’
Rahasia [rahasi
y
a] [
ɾæhasi
y
a] ‘secret’
Asbak [asbak]
[æsbak ˈ]
‘ashtray’
Amplop
[amplop] [æmplop]
‘envelope’
Rangkai [raŋkai]
[ ɾæŋkai]
‘bunch’
The case of vowel substitution is reflected on the table above. English native speakers tend to substitute central, low, unrounded vowel [a] with front,
low, unrounded [æ]. This matter occurs because the influence of English as their first language. For example, English word ‘sat’ is pronounced as [sæt], whereas
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Indonesian will pronounce as [sat], ‘back’ as [bæk], ‘bad’ as [bæd]. Moreover, the symbol ‘a’ in English can be pronounced as [æ], [ə], or [a], while Indonesian [a] is
always pronounced as central, low, unrounded [a]. As a result, the table above shows that English native speakers articulate [bahasa] as [bæhasa], [rahasiya] as
[ræhasia], [asbak] as [asbæk], and [raŋkai] as [ræŋkai].
[a] [æ] [+cons]__ [ + cons]
- high - high
+ low + low
+ back - back
[+cons]___ [+ cons] - rounded
- rounded
The phoneme [a] is similar to the phoneme [æ]. These phonemes are [- high, + low, and – rounded] vowels. The only difference between them is that
sound [a] [+ back], whereas [æ] is [- back].
4.1.3.2 Under-differentiation
