Laporan praktikum pengamatan dasar listr
111Equation Chapter 1 Section 1BASIC MEASUREMENT OF
ELECTRIC
Devi Putriana, Dewi Adyani, Muh.Haliq Ma’ruf L, Nur Mukarramah, Uswatun
Hasanah
Basic Physics Laboratory Department Of Biology Science Faculty 2013
State University Of Makassar
Abstrak. Has been done made experiment about “Basic Measurement Electric”. This is
experiment purpose to investigating relationship between voltage and electric current in a
series of simple and the calculate the great obstacles a resistor. In experiment only there is
one activity. Procedure work at this experiment that is prepare all tool and material which
needful and assemble series electric of simple and than in assemblies voltmeter and
amperemeter definited to be at position limite measure highest for avoid damage. Afterwards
to flame power ration and pay attention indication voltmeter dan amperemeter. After that
move on rheostat at position minimum and than read indication scale voltmeter
and
amperemeter and write at table observation. After that boosting up voltage source with move
on rheostat until volmeter indicating value the highest. From this is experiment we are
acquire result that value from resistant can be calculated highest when already it knowed
highest from voltage and electric current until connection between voltage with electric
current that is comparable.
Key words : Electric Current , Electric Voltage, Resistant, Voltmeter and Amperemeter.
INTRODUCTION
In everyday life we often encounter electricity with a simple electric circuit to form a
series of very complicated. Electricity is indeed has become a basic requirement that we
cannot release it. Almost all the electronic stuff that we use require electricity in its use.
Television, Radio, computer and other electrical needs to be enabled. These items are even
included in the electric circuit.
Electricity formed because energy mechanical and generator that cause a magnetic
field around coil. Changes were causing the electric current on a wire, flow that can occur
continuous and known as an electric current. Electric current is the flow of electrical load.
The flow of electric charge could have form of the positive charge and a negative charge.
Electric current that flows in a of carriage be either direct current or direct current ( dc ) and
be either alternating current ( ac ). Electric current the direction opposite to the direction the
flow of electrons, namely an electric current flowing of potential highest to potential lowest,
while electrons flowing with otherwise.
George Simon Ohm discover a law of electricity which is called or known as ohm's
law the original headquarters consists of several parts. The first part is none other than the
definition of obstacles that V = I R, the second part is that this section is not fully known to
us on ohmic contact, where R = fixed (Constant Resistor) the equation is known as ohm's
law. Ohm also say that R is a constant, which often does not depend on V and I. To that end,
practical activities at this time to do an experiment about basic electrical measurements in
order to know how the currents and voltages in a circuit and can count a big obstacle on the
resistor.
THEORY
In our study of conductor in electrostatic (basic physics), it is argued that the electric
field inside a conductor in electrostatic equilibrium conditions must be zero. If not, chargefree charge inside the conductor will move. We now suppose a situation where charges are
free indeed move in a conductor. This means that the conductor is not in a State of
electrostatic equilibrium. The current in the conductor is produced by an electric charge
inside the conductor when the prompt style on a charge-free charge. Because field E in line
with the force on a positive charge, and because the direction of the current flow direction is
a positive charge, the direction of direct current to the electric field. Picture 3.1 shows a
segment of wire with a length of L And the cross section of latitude a carrying A current of
I
L
A
a
I
E
b
Gambar 3.1. Representasi segmen kawat yang membawa
arus I
Because the direction of an electric field of the potential potential regional higher to
lower potential at a point greater than point b. Assum that L Small enough we can assume
electric field across segments is constant a potential difference V between point a and than
b is
V = Va – Vb = EL
[5.1]
for most materials,
“A current in a segments wire proportional to the potential difference across segments”
This experimental result is known as Ohm's law. Proportional constants are written 1/ R,
which R that is resistance:
I=
1
V
R
atau
R=
V
R
[5.2]
The above equation gives a general definition of the resistance between two points of a
decrease of voltage V between two points. The SI unit of resistance, volt per ampere, called
ohm () : 1 = 1 V/A.
The resistance of a material depends on the length, cross-sectional area, the type of
material, latitude and temperature. For materials that obey Ohm's law is not dependent on
flow resistance; material like this, like most metals, is called ohmic materials. For voltage,
ohmic material fell on a comparable with the current segment:
V = I R , with R = constan
This equation with the qualification that R constan, gave a mathematical statement of Ohm's
law. This law is not the law's fundamental nature such as Newton's laws or laws of
thermodynamics but the empirical description of nature is that a lot of the material.
METHODOLOGY EXPERIMENT
At this is experiment we are doing activity measurement basic electric. Before started
the activity, more than we are prepare tool and material, that is Power Supplay, Basic Meter,
Rheostat, Resistant,and some cable which connects.
After that we are the started up procedure work. At the first that is prepare tool and
material which needful and assemble series electric. Before flame ration power, firm
assembling voltmeter and Amperemeter be in a placelimit highest for avoid damage. And
than flame ration power and pay attention indication voltmeter and amperemeter.after that
move on Rheostat at position maximum. If pin tool measue deviate very small, relegating
limit measure until indication deviate enough far. Shift return Rheostat at position maximum.
Read indication voltmeter dan amperemeter at position mentioned and write at table
observation. Boost voltage source with shift Rheostat until voltmeter indicated which more
value and read indication amperemeter. Do activity (6) with change linier until acquired a
minimum 8 data measure.
In the experiment
we are doing measurement basic electric with take variable
manipulation that is Rheostat, which rheostat is resistor variable two terminal and often used
for measurement voltage and electric current. Variable control is Power supply DC, which
Power supply DC is a tool which use as resources electric current in the series electric. And
than variable responce is electric current which electric current is the number of electric
charge caused of the movement of electrons, flows through a point in electrical circuits each
unit time. An electric current can be measured in unit coulomb / second or ampères (A).
RESULT EXPERIMENT AND ANALYSIS DATA
Value R
NST Voltmeter
NST Ammeter
= 100 Ω
= 0,2 V
= 0,002 A
Tabel 5.1 Table connection between Voltage and Electric Current
No.
Voltage (V)
Electric Current (A)
|4,2 ± 0,1|
|0,040 ± 0,001|
2
|4,4 ±0,1|
|0,041 ±0,001|
3
|4,6 ± 0,1|
|0,043 ± 0,001|
4
|4,8 ± 0,1|
|0,045 ± 0,001|
5
|5,0 ± 0,1|
|0,047 ± 0,001|
6
|5,2 ±0,1|
|0,049 ± 0,001|
7
|5,4 ± 0,1|
|0,051 ±0,001|
|5,6 ± 0,1|
|0,053 ± 0,001|
1
8
6
5
Voltage (V)
4
3
2
1
0
0.04
0.05
0.06
Electric Current (I)
Chart of relatonship between Voltage and Electric Current
Data Analysis
y
x
Tan θ =
=R
R=
V
I
=
y
x
R=
V
I
=
∆V
∆I
∆ ∆V
∆ ∆I
∆R
=
=
=
=
5,6−4,2
0,053−0,040
=
NST ∆V
n
NST ∆ I
n
=
=
|∆∆∆VV + ∆∆∆II |
0,005
+
|0,25
1,4 0,013 |
=
DK =
=
0,5
2
= 0,25 V
0,01
2
= 0,005 I
˟R
˟ 107,7
|0,178+0,384| ˟ 107,7
= 60,52 Ω
∆R
= ˟ 100%
R
60,52
107,7
˟ 100%
= 56,19 %
DE = 100% - DK
DE = 100% - 56,19%
=
1,4
0,013
= 107,7 Ω
= 43,81%
PR = | R
±∆ R |
± 60,52 | Ω
PR = | 107,70
%Diff =
Rt h eory −Rexperiment
˟ 100 %
Rt h eory
=
|100−107,7
|
100
=
|7,7|
˟ 100 %
%
Calculation Analysis
R1 =
=
V1
I1
4,2
= 105 Ω
0,040
%Diff =
Rt h eory−Rexperiment
Rt h eory
100−105
100
×
100%
× 100%
= |5|%
R2 =
=
V2
I2
4,4
= 107,3 Ω
0,041
%Diff =
R3 =
=
Rt h eory−Rexperiment
Rt h eory
=
100−107,3
×
100
=
|7,3| %
×
100%
×
100%
100%
V3
I3
4,6
= 106,9 Ω
0,043
%Diff =
Rt h eory−Rexperiment
Rt h eory
R4 =
=
=
100−107
˟
100
=
|7| %
V4
I4
4,8
= 106,6 Ω
0,045
%Diff =
R5 =
=
100%
Rt h eory−Rexperiment
Rt h eory
=
100−106,6
˟
100
=
|6,6| %
× 100%
100%
V5
I5
5
= 106,3 Ω
0,047
%Diff =
=
Rt h eory−Rexperiment
Rt h eory
100−106,3
100
×
× 100%
100%
= |6,3| %
R6 =
=
V6
I6
5,2
= 106,1 Ω
0,049
%Diff =
R7 =
=
Rt h eory−Rexperiment
Rt h eory
=
100−106,1
100
=
|6,1| %
V7
I7
5,4
= 105,8 Ω
0,051
100%
× 100%
%Diff =
R8 =
=
Rt h eory−Rexperiment
Rt h eory
=
100−105,8
100
=
|5,8| %
×
× 100%
100%
V8
I8
5,8
= 109,4 Ω
0,053
%Diff =
Rt h eory−Rexperiment
Rt h eory
=
100−109,4
100
=
|9,4| %
×
× 100%
100%
DISCUSSION
In an experiment that has been done that is investigating the relationship between
voltage and electric current which is measured using a basic meter with the help of the
rhesostat slides on the maximum position so it can be retrieved on the designation of the
voltmeter and ammeter. On the voltmeter scale used 50 Vsedangkan limit of measurement
used is 50 v. on the Ammeter scale used is 100 mA and boundary measure used jga 100 Ma.
Wiring should also be matched with the poles on each basicmeter (Ammeter and Voltmeter).
To get the data the designation on the voltmeter and ammeter rheostat, then moved.
When the rheostat is at a maximum, then the automatic designation on the volmeter ammeter
and shifted to the right. mpada experiments conducted, the cables had been attached to a
voltmeter and ammeter is connected also with obstacles and when the power supply is turned
on and the rheostat shifted, then a voltmeter and ammeter will show the voltage magnitude
and powerful arusnya. Shifting is done with interval 1 scale so at basicmeter shows the
difference in 1 scale on each data retrieval on the Voltmeter and Ammeter conducted as many
as 8 times. The results of observations are shown in basicmeter (Ammeter and Volmeter) is
then multiplied by the NST respectively.
The value of the resistance can be calculated the magnitude as large of a known
voltage and electric current, because the obstacles are the comparison between voltage and
current is passed through it. From this experiment we can figure out the relationship between
the voltage and current of electricity was comparable. When the voltage value of the big
electric current. The relationship between the electric current and the obstacles it is compared
to the upside. When great obstacles, then certainly a strong electric current which flows the
less/fewer. The barriers also is the quotient between the potential difference between the endunjungnya with a powerful electric current flowing in the conductor.
CONCLUSSION
In the experiment we are can cocluded that is voltage comparabel with electric
current. More biggest voltage, then more biggest as well as electric current which through.
Whereas electric current is current which through a conductor comparabel flip over with
resistant. More biggest resistant, Whereas more small electric current which through.
REFERENCE
Halliday, David dan Resnick, Robert. 1999. Fisika Jilid 2 Edisi Kelima (Terjemahan).
Jakarta: Erlangga.
Tipler, Paul A. 2001. Fisika untuk Sains dan Teknik Edisi Kedua Jilid 2 (Terjemahan).
Jakarta: Erlangga.
ELECTRIC
Devi Putriana, Dewi Adyani, Muh.Haliq Ma’ruf L, Nur Mukarramah, Uswatun
Hasanah
Basic Physics Laboratory Department Of Biology Science Faculty 2013
State University Of Makassar
Abstrak. Has been done made experiment about “Basic Measurement Electric”. This is
experiment purpose to investigating relationship between voltage and electric current in a
series of simple and the calculate the great obstacles a resistor. In experiment only there is
one activity. Procedure work at this experiment that is prepare all tool and material which
needful and assemble series electric of simple and than in assemblies voltmeter and
amperemeter definited to be at position limite measure highest for avoid damage. Afterwards
to flame power ration and pay attention indication voltmeter dan amperemeter. After that
move on rheostat at position minimum and than read indication scale voltmeter
and
amperemeter and write at table observation. After that boosting up voltage source with move
on rheostat until volmeter indicating value the highest. From this is experiment we are
acquire result that value from resistant can be calculated highest when already it knowed
highest from voltage and electric current until connection between voltage with electric
current that is comparable.
Key words : Electric Current , Electric Voltage, Resistant, Voltmeter and Amperemeter.
INTRODUCTION
In everyday life we often encounter electricity with a simple electric circuit to form a
series of very complicated. Electricity is indeed has become a basic requirement that we
cannot release it. Almost all the electronic stuff that we use require electricity in its use.
Television, Radio, computer and other electrical needs to be enabled. These items are even
included in the electric circuit.
Electricity formed because energy mechanical and generator that cause a magnetic
field around coil. Changes were causing the electric current on a wire, flow that can occur
continuous and known as an electric current. Electric current is the flow of electrical load.
The flow of electric charge could have form of the positive charge and a negative charge.
Electric current that flows in a of carriage be either direct current or direct current ( dc ) and
be either alternating current ( ac ). Electric current the direction opposite to the direction the
flow of electrons, namely an electric current flowing of potential highest to potential lowest,
while electrons flowing with otherwise.
George Simon Ohm discover a law of electricity which is called or known as ohm's
law the original headquarters consists of several parts. The first part is none other than the
definition of obstacles that V = I R, the second part is that this section is not fully known to
us on ohmic contact, where R = fixed (Constant Resistor) the equation is known as ohm's
law. Ohm also say that R is a constant, which often does not depend on V and I. To that end,
practical activities at this time to do an experiment about basic electrical measurements in
order to know how the currents and voltages in a circuit and can count a big obstacle on the
resistor.
THEORY
In our study of conductor in electrostatic (basic physics), it is argued that the electric
field inside a conductor in electrostatic equilibrium conditions must be zero. If not, chargefree charge inside the conductor will move. We now suppose a situation where charges are
free indeed move in a conductor. This means that the conductor is not in a State of
electrostatic equilibrium. The current in the conductor is produced by an electric charge
inside the conductor when the prompt style on a charge-free charge. Because field E in line
with the force on a positive charge, and because the direction of the current flow direction is
a positive charge, the direction of direct current to the electric field. Picture 3.1 shows a
segment of wire with a length of L And the cross section of latitude a carrying A current of
I
L
A
a
I
E
b
Gambar 3.1. Representasi segmen kawat yang membawa
arus I
Because the direction of an electric field of the potential potential regional higher to
lower potential at a point greater than point b. Assum that L Small enough we can assume
electric field across segments is constant a potential difference V between point a and than
b is
V = Va – Vb = EL
[5.1]
for most materials,
“A current in a segments wire proportional to the potential difference across segments”
This experimental result is known as Ohm's law. Proportional constants are written 1/ R,
which R that is resistance:
I=
1
V
R
atau
R=
V
R
[5.2]
The above equation gives a general definition of the resistance between two points of a
decrease of voltage V between two points. The SI unit of resistance, volt per ampere, called
ohm () : 1 = 1 V/A.
The resistance of a material depends on the length, cross-sectional area, the type of
material, latitude and temperature. For materials that obey Ohm's law is not dependent on
flow resistance; material like this, like most metals, is called ohmic materials. For voltage,
ohmic material fell on a comparable with the current segment:
V = I R , with R = constan
This equation with the qualification that R constan, gave a mathematical statement of Ohm's
law. This law is not the law's fundamental nature such as Newton's laws or laws of
thermodynamics but the empirical description of nature is that a lot of the material.
METHODOLOGY EXPERIMENT
At this is experiment we are doing activity measurement basic electric. Before started
the activity, more than we are prepare tool and material, that is Power Supplay, Basic Meter,
Rheostat, Resistant,and some cable which connects.
After that we are the started up procedure work. At the first that is prepare tool and
material which needful and assemble series electric. Before flame ration power, firm
assembling voltmeter and Amperemeter be in a placelimit highest for avoid damage. And
than flame ration power and pay attention indication voltmeter and amperemeter.after that
move on Rheostat at position maximum. If pin tool measue deviate very small, relegating
limit measure until indication deviate enough far. Shift return Rheostat at position maximum.
Read indication voltmeter dan amperemeter at position mentioned and write at table
observation. Boost voltage source with shift Rheostat until voltmeter indicated which more
value and read indication amperemeter. Do activity (6) with change linier until acquired a
minimum 8 data measure.
In the experiment
we are doing measurement basic electric with take variable
manipulation that is Rheostat, which rheostat is resistor variable two terminal and often used
for measurement voltage and electric current. Variable control is Power supply DC, which
Power supply DC is a tool which use as resources electric current in the series electric. And
than variable responce is electric current which electric current is the number of electric
charge caused of the movement of electrons, flows through a point in electrical circuits each
unit time. An electric current can be measured in unit coulomb / second or ampères (A).
RESULT EXPERIMENT AND ANALYSIS DATA
Value R
NST Voltmeter
NST Ammeter
= 100 Ω
= 0,2 V
= 0,002 A
Tabel 5.1 Table connection between Voltage and Electric Current
No.
Voltage (V)
Electric Current (A)
|4,2 ± 0,1|
|0,040 ± 0,001|
2
|4,4 ±0,1|
|0,041 ±0,001|
3
|4,6 ± 0,1|
|0,043 ± 0,001|
4
|4,8 ± 0,1|
|0,045 ± 0,001|
5
|5,0 ± 0,1|
|0,047 ± 0,001|
6
|5,2 ±0,1|
|0,049 ± 0,001|
7
|5,4 ± 0,1|
|0,051 ±0,001|
|5,6 ± 0,1|
|0,053 ± 0,001|
1
8
6
5
Voltage (V)
4
3
2
1
0
0.04
0.05
0.06
Electric Current (I)
Chart of relatonship between Voltage and Electric Current
Data Analysis
y
x
Tan θ =
=R
R=
V
I
=
y
x
R=
V
I
=
∆V
∆I
∆ ∆V
∆ ∆I
∆R
=
=
=
=
5,6−4,2
0,053−0,040
=
NST ∆V
n
NST ∆ I
n
=
=
|∆∆∆VV + ∆∆∆II |
0,005
+
|0,25
1,4 0,013 |
=
DK =
=
0,5
2
= 0,25 V
0,01
2
= 0,005 I
˟R
˟ 107,7
|0,178+0,384| ˟ 107,7
= 60,52 Ω
∆R
= ˟ 100%
R
60,52
107,7
˟ 100%
= 56,19 %
DE = 100% - DK
DE = 100% - 56,19%
=
1,4
0,013
= 107,7 Ω
= 43,81%
PR = | R
±∆ R |
± 60,52 | Ω
PR = | 107,70
%Diff =
Rt h eory −Rexperiment
˟ 100 %
Rt h eory
=
|100−107,7
|
100
=
|7,7|
˟ 100 %
%
Calculation Analysis
R1 =
=
V1
I1
4,2
= 105 Ω
0,040
%Diff =
Rt h eory−Rexperiment
Rt h eory
100−105
100
×
100%
× 100%
= |5|%
R2 =
=
V2
I2
4,4
= 107,3 Ω
0,041
%Diff =
R3 =
=
Rt h eory−Rexperiment
Rt h eory
=
100−107,3
×
100
=
|7,3| %
×
100%
×
100%
100%
V3
I3
4,6
= 106,9 Ω
0,043
%Diff =
Rt h eory−Rexperiment
Rt h eory
R4 =
=
=
100−107
˟
100
=
|7| %
V4
I4
4,8
= 106,6 Ω
0,045
%Diff =
R5 =
=
100%
Rt h eory−Rexperiment
Rt h eory
=
100−106,6
˟
100
=
|6,6| %
× 100%
100%
V5
I5
5
= 106,3 Ω
0,047
%Diff =
=
Rt h eory−Rexperiment
Rt h eory
100−106,3
100
×
× 100%
100%
= |6,3| %
R6 =
=
V6
I6
5,2
= 106,1 Ω
0,049
%Diff =
R7 =
=
Rt h eory−Rexperiment
Rt h eory
=
100−106,1
100
=
|6,1| %
V7
I7
5,4
= 105,8 Ω
0,051
100%
× 100%
%Diff =
R8 =
=
Rt h eory−Rexperiment
Rt h eory
=
100−105,8
100
=
|5,8| %
×
× 100%
100%
V8
I8
5,8
= 109,4 Ω
0,053
%Diff =
Rt h eory−Rexperiment
Rt h eory
=
100−109,4
100
=
|9,4| %
×
× 100%
100%
DISCUSSION
In an experiment that has been done that is investigating the relationship between
voltage and electric current which is measured using a basic meter with the help of the
rhesostat slides on the maximum position so it can be retrieved on the designation of the
voltmeter and ammeter. On the voltmeter scale used 50 Vsedangkan limit of measurement
used is 50 v. on the Ammeter scale used is 100 mA and boundary measure used jga 100 Ma.
Wiring should also be matched with the poles on each basicmeter (Ammeter and Voltmeter).
To get the data the designation on the voltmeter and ammeter rheostat, then moved.
When the rheostat is at a maximum, then the automatic designation on the volmeter ammeter
and shifted to the right. mpada experiments conducted, the cables had been attached to a
voltmeter and ammeter is connected also with obstacles and when the power supply is turned
on and the rheostat shifted, then a voltmeter and ammeter will show the voltage magnitude
and powerful arusnya. Shifting is done with interval 1 scale so at basicmeter shows the
difference in 1 scale on each data retrieval on the Voltmeter and Ammeter conducted as many
as 8 times. The results of observations are shown in basicmeter (Ammeter and Volmeter) is
then multiplied by the NST respectively.
The value of the resistance can be calculated the magnitude as large of a known
voltage and electric current, because the obstacles are the comparison between voltage and
current is passed through it. From this experiment we can figure out the relationship between
the voltage and current of electricity was comparable. When the voltage value of the big
electric current. The relationship between the electric current and the obstacles it is compared
to the upside. When great obstacles, then certainly a strong electric current which flows the
less/fewer. The barriers also is the quotient between the potential difference between the endunjungnya with a powerful electric current flowing in the conductor.
CONCLUSSION
In the experiment we are can cocluded that is voltage comparabel with electric
current. More biggest voltage, then more biggest as well as electric current which through.
Whereas electric current is current which through a conductor comparabel flip over with
resistant. More biggest resistant, Whereas more small electric current which through.
REFERENCE
Halliday, David dan Resnick, Robert. 1999. Fisika Jilid 2 Edisi Kelima (Terjemahan).
Jakarta: Erlangga.
Tipler, Paul A. 2001. Fisika untuk Sains dan Teknik Edisi Kedua Jilid 2 (Terjemahan).
Jakarta: Erlangga.