Examples of expressives are actions such as apologizing, blaming, congratulating, praising, and thanking. E.g. Well done, Elizabeth
53
5. Declaratives
These are kinds of speech acts that cause immediatechanges in some situations, in performing this type of speech act, the speaker brings
about changes in the world; the propositional content of the speaker‟s utterance changes the state of hearer in reality. Examples of declaratives
are actions such opening a bridge, declaring war, excommunicating, firing from employment, and nominating a candidate. E.g. I object, Your
Honor.
54
So, we can take the conclusion based on the explanation above. First, representative is a speech that binding the speakers of the truly
utterance. Second, directive is binding speaker to take the actions mentioned in the speech. Third, commissive is the act that binding the
speaker to do somethingin the future. Fourth, expressive is the act that expresses feelings of the speaker. And the last, declarative is the act which
may cause new situations or status.
F. Direct and Indirect Speech
The speech acts can also be said directly and indirectly. Direct speech act can be directly recognized from its syntactical form.
55
When an interrogative structure such as
“Did You....? Are They....? or Can We....?” is used with the function of a question it is described as a direct speech act. But
53
Ibid.
54
Ibid.
55
George Yule, op. cit, p. 54.
when it is used as a request or command, it is described as an indirect speech act
.
56
Direct speech act is used to say something, inform something, ask someone, beg someone, or give a command, if the utterance is conveyed
directly. The example: “Bring me my coat” As ilustrated in the example that
the utterance is an illocutinary act which is said to vary directly. It means that the speaker wants the hearer brings his coat.
The direct speech act above is different from the indirect speech act. As a sentence with the phrase
“Can you bring my coat?” is an indirect illocutionary act. Indirect speech used to communicate what someone else
said, but without using the exact word. The tenses of the verbs are often changed. Indirect speech acts are generally associated with the greater
politeness in English than direct speech act.
57
The study of indirect speech act or indirect illocutions brought a challenge both to the classical speech
speech act theory of Searle, and to grammatical version of speech acts attempted by means of the performative hypotesis.
58
As discussed above, Searle 1969 distinguished between effects that areachieved by getting the hearer to recognize that the rules governing the use
of an illocutionary force indicating device are in effect, which he called illocutionaryeffects, and those effects that are achieved indirectly as by-
products of thetotal speech act, for which he reserved the term perlocutionary effects. But the effect might be very similar and we might use the same words
to describe it, whether it is an illocutionary or perlocutionary effect.
56
Ibid.
57
F.X. Nadar, op. cit, p. 18.
58
N.E. College, An Encyclopaedia of Language London: Routledge, 1990, p. 105.
Sadock 1970, 1972 argued that, in certain cases, there were some conventional indications in the form of the utterance of what might be taken
as an indirect, perlocutionary effect. The central sort of example is the utterance at a dinner table of an apparent question like
“Could you pass the salt?” The utterance appears to be a question, but when produced at a dinner
table, a commonly achieved effect is to arouse in the addressee a feeling of obligation to pass the salt.
59
Sadock noticed that the question “Could you pass the salt?” can also
include the word please sentence internally, which indicates clearly the intention of the speaker to produce the kind of effect that illocutionary acts of
requesting typically do. It is important to notice that not all questions that can provoke such a feeling in the addressee can felicitously include this word.
Thus Isn’t it cold in here can give the right circumstances, because an
addressee to feel obligated to close a window, light a fire in the fireplace, fetch a blanket, or the like. But even when intended to produce such results,
one cannot say in idiomatic English Isn’t it please cold in here. Sadock
argued that examples of the former kind are conventionalized in a sense sufficient to justify analyzing the intended effect as directly illocutionary
rather than as an indirect perlocutionary effect.
60
Thus, from the explanation above, we can conclude that direct speech act is the speech that reflects the appropriate communication between the
speech with expected action, such declarative utterances to inform something
59
Jerrold Saddock, op. cit, p. 69.
60
Ibid.
and interrogative utterances to ask. Indirect speech act is the utterance that reflects inappropriate communication between the speech with the expected
action interrogative utterances in order to get utterance that considered more polite, for example interrogative utterances to command or order something.
28
CHAPTER III RESEARCH FINDINGS
A. Data Description
In this data descripion, the writer compiles and classifies the data from the dialogue scripts of Fast and Furious 7 movie. And then tabulates the
collected data classification into the following table accrording to Searle categories of illocutionary acts. The data are grouped based on types, direct
indirect, and functions of the illocutionary acts found in the movie scripts as described below.
TABLE 1: THE ILLOCUTIONARY ACTS OF REPRESENTATIVES
No Data
Illocutionary classification
Timeline 1.
Letty : Its not fair. You know
I dont .
Representative Asserting
00:03:19 - 00:03:35 2.
Elena : Youre a terrible liar
See you tomorrow, boss.
Representative Asserting
00:10:07 - 00:10:28
3. Roman
: They dont suppose to look... like that
. Im just saying, like how they normally
wear them lil weird glasses... thats all crooked, with pimples
all over they face from drinking soda.
Representative Stating
01:00:57 - 01:01:12
4. Zafar
: Impossible. Representative
Claiming 01:06:41 - 01:06:43
5. Dom. Torreto
: I dont have friends
. I got family. Representative
Asserting 01:26:17 - 01:26:24
