Background of Research INTRODUCTION

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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

A. Background of Research

Basically in our daily life, we always use language as means of communication with others. Such as making a dialogue, asking, joking, commanding, apologizing, and so on. In the study of language, there is meaning which is bounded with the context, on the other hand, there is meaning which does not need context . The study of linguistics which doesn‟t observe certain context is called semantics, whereas the study of linguistics which observes certain context is called pragmatics. According to George Yule, pragmatics concerns with the study of meaning as communicated by speaker or writer and interpreted by a listener or reader. It has, consequently, more to do with the analysis of what people mean by their utterances than what the words or phrases in those utterances might mean by themselves. Pragmatics is the study of speaker meaning. 1 In this case, the writer is interested in discussing pragmatics as the study of language meaning with the context. In daily life, we will find that when language is utter ed, but doesn‟t fit the context, it will be ambiguous to understand. If we understand the meaning of language in any context, it will be easier for us to interact and communicate with others because the key of a good communication is to understand something in all situations. 1 George Yule, Pragmatics, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996, p.3. In the study of pragmatic, there is an entity that is central and fundamental to be understood by the students. It is speech act. According to Austin, speech act is an act that a speaker performs when making an utterance. 2 Speech acts as a form of communication has a function, contains a purpose, and specific purposes or effect to the hearer. Basically when someone says something, heshe also does something. By the time someone uses the word apologize, it is not only saying but also taking action „apologize‟. Speech has a purpose and a specific intention to produce communication. The purpose of speech is one aspect that should be present in a speech, because the purpose of speech is an effort to get the result that is intended by the speaker to the hearer. The goal is to convey information and news, persuade, advise, rule and so on. In this case the speaker should be able to convince partners of his speech purpose. When we talk to our partner, we produce three types of speech acts, which are locutionary acts, illocutionary acts and perlocutionary acts. Locutionary act is the act to express something. It is only giving an information to the hearer the act of saying something. For example; humans have ten fingers, the fire is hot and ice is cold. Here, the speaker does not have the specific intention of his speech but only to provide information. We are from the utterance with some kind of function in mind. 3 2 J.L. Austin, How To Do things With Words, Oxford; Oxford University Press. 1962, p. 253. 3 Geogre Yule, op. Cit, p. 48. The illocutionary act is performing via the communicative force of an utterance. 4 Illocutionary act is not only providing information to the partners, but it has the intention and purpose of what we told. It is not only expressing, but doing something the act of doing something. For example; your hair is long. The illocutionary analysis of the sentence is a command to cut his hair because it was long. According to Hurford and Heasley, perlocutionary act carried out by a speaker making an utterance is the act of causing a certain effect to the hearer and others. 5 Perlocutionary act has force to influence or effect for the hearer. For example; yesterday my father was ill. The perlocutionary analysis of the sentence is something that was uttered by someone who could not attend the invitation. Then locutionary acts just want to convey any information that my father was sick and illocutionary act meaning is to apologize. From three categories of speech acts, the writer is interested in analyzing illocutionary act because it is the reality of utterance. Here we do not only study about the information which the speaker said to the hearer, but the intention of what he said. Sometimes an utterance has a specific purpose to get even if it is only a joke. The intention of the speech can be seen in a certain context. Therefore we need to understand the context in a conversation so that we can understand the intention expressed by the speakers to the hearer. Illocutionary act is not only found in daily communication but also 4 Hurford and Heasley, Semantics: A Course book, Cambridge: University Press, 1983, p. 244. 5 Hurford and Heasley, op. cit, 243. found in the film. The film is the copyrighted work of art and culture which is one of the audiovisual media of mass communication are made based on the principles of cinematography recorded on celluloid, video tapes, video discs, andor projection system is shown with mechanical, electronic and other systems. Based on the reason above, the writer chooses the Fast Furious 7 movie as the object of research. The writer chooses this movie because this is the latest film in 2015. I want to analyze an object that has not been investigated previously by others in order to get the authenticity of a study. Studying more about the illocutionary acts from the movie is very interesting because it could be useful for further research in the future. The writer focuses on Searle‟s theory in the study of illocutionary acts to analyse the dialogue of the movie and let other theories suppo rt Searle‟s theory. The writer analyzes the types of illocutionary acts, explains the context and meaning in the dialogue, finds the function and divides the category into the direct and indirect speech act in this thesis. The writer wants enrich the previous research because it only analyzed the types of illocutionary without classifying the direct-indirect speech act and giving more explanations about the function of illocutionary acts. To make us understand about the analyses, here one example of the movie‟s dialogues: A conversation between Brian O‟Conner and the teacher in minutes 00:07:46 – 00:07:48, as follows: Brian O‟Conner : I appreciate it, thank you. Praising and Thanking In this context, Brian drove to the school of child in order that he could entrust the child to the teacher for studying with his friend. Then Brian thanked to the teacher due to the fact that she helped Brian to keep the child until the end of class. The Illocutionary act based on the context above is obvious that is expressive. Expressive is an action or an utterance that asserts our feeling. In this case, it is clear that the utterance is praising and thanking, included in the paradigmatic of expressive. The example: “I appreciate it, thank you ” as ilustrated in the example that the utterance is an illocutinary act which is said directly. As we know that direct speech act is used to say something, inform something, ask someone, beg someone, or give a command.

B. Focus of Research