xxi Sampling Techniques, Research Instrument, Research Procedures,
Technique of Data Collection, Data Coding, Technique of Data Analysis and Data Interpretation.
CHAPTER IV : DATA ANALYSIS CHAPTER V : CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW
E. Pragmatics
Charles Morris who introduced firstly modern pragmatics pointed out that pragmatics tends to the semiotics, the study of signs. He stated that ‘
pragmatic is the study of the relations of sign to interpreters’ Levinson, 1983. Moreover, George in Pengajaran Pragmatik 1990 puts pragmatics into semantics
behaviour, which explains all of man behaviour relating to signs and symbols. It concerns with how man behaves in situation of a signifier and situation of a
signified. Traditionally, pragmatics is the study of language usage. Katz, who was
influenced by Chomsky’s distinction between competence and performance, suggested that pragmatics should be concerned solely with performance principles
xxii of language usage and have nothing to do with the description of linguistic
structure. As he stated below:
[Grammars] are theories about the structure of sentence type … pragmatics theories, in contrast, do nothing to explicate the
structure of linguistic constructions or grammatical properties and relations … they explicate the reasoning of speakers and hearers in
working out the correlation in a context of a sentence token with a proposition. In this respect, a pragmatic theory is part of
performance Katz in Levinson, 1983 : 8.
Leech 1983 : 1 states that ‘ pragmatics is a studying linguistics which has been learnt and developed by many linguistics and by some
sociolinguists, psycholinguists, and other scientists.’ He went on to expand pragmatics in accordance with the term of general pragmatics. He divided general
pragmatics into two distinct branches, namely pragmalinguistics, the study of language meaning related to grammar or linguistics and socio-pragmatics, the
study of meaning related to sociology. In its development, definition of pragmatics is more complex. Levinson
1983 states that ‘pragmatics is the study of the role of context which plays in speaker or utterance meaning ‘. It means that pragmatics is a study of linguistics
meaning, which considers context. Moreover, situation or context is an important aspect in interpreting and understanding the meaning of an utterance. In other
xxiii word, Levinson emphasizes that pragmatics is the study the relations between
language and context. Leech 1983 states that’ pragmatics can be usefully defined as the study
of how utterances have meanings in situation’. This definition notices that situation or context is the important thing to understand the meaning of those
utterances. The researcher agrees that in understanding the meaning of utterance, it is
important to see the relation between language and its context. The researcher uses this definition as the approach of analysing the data.
F. Context
