A Morphemic Analysis Of Loanwords From English Vocabularies In Kompas Selected Columns
A MORPHEMIC ANALYSIS OF LOANWORDS FROM ENGLISH VOCABULARIES IN KOMPAS SELECTED COLUMNS
A THESIS
BY :
YUPI HANNA SATRINI REG. NO. 110705018
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH
FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2015
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i A MORPHEMIC ANALYSIS OF LOANWORDS FROM ENGLISH VOCABULARIES IN KOMPAS SELECTED COLUMNS
A THESIS
BY :
YUPI HANNA SATRINI REG. NO. 110705018
SUPERVISOR CO-SUPERVISOR
Dr. Deliana, M. Hum Drs. Bahagia Tarigan, MA NIP. 19571117 198303 2 002 NIP. 19581017 198601 1 000
Submitted to Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara Medan in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra from Department of English
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH
FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2015
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ii Approved by the Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara (USU) Medan as thesis for The Sarjana Sastra Examination.
Head, Secretary,
Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, MS Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, Ph.D NIP : 19541117 198003 1 002 NIP : 19750209 200812 1 002
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iii Accepted by the Board of Examiners in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra from Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara, Medan.
The examination is held in Department of English Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara on Thursday, 8th of October 2015.
Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara
Dr. H. Syahron Lubis, MA NIP. 19511013 197603 1 001
Board of Examiners
1. Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, MS ...
2. Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, MA, Ph. D ...
3. Prof. Dr.T. Silvana Sinar, M.A. Ph. D ...
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iv AUTHOR’S DECLARATION
I, YUPI HANNA SATRINI, DECLARE THAT I AM THE SOLE AUTHOR OF THIS THESIS EXCEPT WHERE REFERENCE IS MADE IN THE TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS CONTAINS NO MATERIAL PUBLISHED ELSEWHERE OR EXTRACTED IN WHOLE OR AWARDED ANOTHER DEGREE. NO OTHER PERSON’S WORK HAS BEEN USED WITHOUT DUE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS IN THE MAIN TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS HAS NOT BEEN SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF ANOTHER DEGREE IN ANY TERTIARY EDUCATION.
Signed :
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v COPYRIGHT DECLARATION
NAME : YUPI HANNA SATRINI
TITTLE OF THESIS : A MORPHEMIC ANALYSIS OF
LOANWORDS FROM ENGLISH
VOCABULARIES IN KOMPAS SELECTED COLUMNS
QUALIFICATION : S-1 / SARJANA SASTRA
DEPARTMENT : ENGLISH
I AM WILLING THAT MY THESIS SHOULD BE AVAILABLE FOR REPRODUCTION AT THE DISCRETION OF THE LIBRARIAN OF DEPARTEMENT OF ENGLISH, FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES, UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA ON THE UNDERSTANDING THAT USERS ARE MADE AWARE OF THEIR OBLIGATION UNDER THE LAW OF REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA.
Signed :
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vi ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Alhamdulillah, in the name of Allah SWT, I would like to thank God, the Powerful and the Merciful for giving me the guidance, the power, the patience, and the ability to finish this thesis. And also great respectable for Prophet Muhammad SAW the leader and the rule model of Moslem forever.
First of all, I would like to express my sincere gratitude and appreciation to my supervisor and co-supervisor, Dr. Deliana, M. Hum and Drs. Bahagia Tarigan, M.A, for their willingness sharing times and patience in guiding, correcting, and supervising this thesis.
Further, I would like to express my gratitude and appreciation to the Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies, Dr. H. Syahron Lubis, M.A, the head of Department of English Literature, Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, MS, Mr. Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, MA, Ph.D as the secretary of Department of English Literature for giving all facilities and opportunities in completing this thesis.
My deepest gratitude is dedicate to my rest and wonderful family, to my mom and dad, thanks for the great spirit, pray, and endless love you have always been sharing with me. Then to my sisters, Mbak Gege, Lona, and Hesti, thanks for all of the support you have given to me. Then to my one and only brother, Wigung, thanks for the great spirit you have told to me.
I don’t forget to thank to my amazing Sehati’s friend Novri, Dian, May, Ibet, Doris, and Ima for all of the support you gave to me and for the help you did to me when I was oppress in doing this thesis.
Last but not the least, I would like to thank to the best friends that God sent to me Darathia Brahmana, Debora Natalia Ginting, Elsa Gloria, Erna Wati Damanik,
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vii Sonya Priscilia Tarigan, Sulastri Situmorang, and Tantri Weri Sinaga for all the favors, discussions, thoughts, advices, and the sincere friendship. Thanks for making my four years filled with craziness, wonderful, and spectacular experience. Thanks for being my “family” when I was far away from my family. Thanks for accepting every inadequacy I had. Thanks for changing all of my unfavorable attitudes and deeds. Thanks for teaching me how to appreciate the difference we had. I’ve gained very much experiences and lessons from you all. I don’t know how to reward all of the kindnesses you’ve shared to me. Thanks for unforgettable moments you made for me. Thanks for everything you gave to my life. May Allah SWT, the Almighty bless you all, Amin.
Medan, September 2015
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viii ABSTRAK
Skripsi yang berjudul “A Morphemic Analysis of Loanwords From English
Vocabularies In Indonesian Selected Newspaper „Kompas‟” ini membahas tentang analisis morfemis dari kata-kata serapan Bahasa Inggris yang digunakan kedalam Bahasa Indonesia. Analisis morfemis merupakan sebuah proses pembentukan kata baik derivasional maupun infleksional. Analisis morfemis yang dibahas didalam skripsi ini adalah afiksasi, perubahan internal, konversi atau perubahan kosong,dan derivasional.Skripsi ini dimaksudkan untuk menambah penelitian ilmiah dan informasi yang berhubungan dengan proses-proses morfemis dari kata-kata serapan dan juga sebagai acuan dan pertimbangan bagi orang- orang yang akan mempelajari dan menganalisa proses-proses morfemis dari kata-kata serapan dalam Bahasa Indoensia. Metode yang digunakan dalam skripsi ini adalah metode kualitatif deskriptif karena semua data yang dianalisis dalam skripsi ini dibuat dalam bentuk kata-kata bukan angka. Data dalam skripsi ini diambil dari kolom yang sudah dipilih dalam harian Kompas dari tanggal 23 April sampai dengan 30 April 2015. Dari hasil analisis yang ditemukan dalam skripsi ini,terdapat sedikitnya 215 kemunculan kata-kata serapan yang lazim digunakan dalam Bahasa Indonesia.Kata-kata-kata ini kemudian dikelompokkan berdasarkan proses-proses morfemis yang terjadi ketika kata tersebut digunakan kedalam Bahasa Indonesia. Hampir semua kata yang diserap kedalam Bahasa Indonesia mengalami perubahan dalam penggunaaannya.
Kata kunci: kata serapan, analisis morfemis, afiksasi, perubahan internal, konversi, derivasional.
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ix ABSTRACT
This thesis entitled “A Morphemic Analysis of Loanwords From English Vocabularies In Indonesian Selected Newspaper „Kompas‟” discusses about the morphemic analysis of English loanwords which is used into Bahasa Indonesia Morphemic analysis is a process of word formation whether it is derivational or inflectional. The morphemic analysis that will be discussed in this thesis are affixation, internal change, conversion or zero derivation, and derivational. This thesis is intended to enrich the scientific research and give information about morphemic processes of loanwords and also can be a reference and consideration for those who study and analyze morphemic processes of loanwords in Bahasa Indonesia. The method that used in thesis is descriptive qualitative method because all of the data that are analyzed in this thesis are presented in the form of words not in number. The data are taken from Kompas selected columns in April 23rd up to April 30th 2015.Based on the finding that has been analyzed in this thesis, at least 215 occurrences of loanwords are found from the data which is commonly used in Bahasa Indonesia. This occurrence of loanwords then are analyzed based on the process which occurs in its word formation. It is almost certainly that loanwords which borrow into Bahasa Indonesia have gained some changes in using it.
Keywords: loanwords, morphemic analysis, affixation, internal change, conversion or zero derivation, derivational.
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x TABLE OF CONTENT
SUPERVISORS’ ɑPPROVɑL SHEET ... i
DEPɑRTMENT’S APPROVAL SHEET ... ii
ɒOɑRD OF EXɑMINERS’ ɑPPROVɑL ... iii
ɑUTHOR’S DECLɑRɑTION ... iv
COPYRIGHT DECLARATION ... v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... vi
ABSTRACT ... viii
TABLE OF CONTENT ... x
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ... xiii
LIST OF TABLES ... xiv
Chapter I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study ... 1
1.2 Problem of Study ... 3
1.3 Objectives of Study ... 3
1.4 Scope of Study ... 4
1.5 Significance of Study ... 4
Chapter II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 2.1 Review of Study ... 5
2.2 Theoretical Review ... 6
2.2.1 Morphology ... 6
2.2.2 Word... 7
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xi
2.2.4 Root, Base, and Stem ... 10
2.3 Morphemic Analysis ... 12
2.3.1Affixation ... 12
2.3.2Internal Change ... 13
2.3.3Reduplication ... 14
2.3.4Conversion ... 14
2.3.5Derivational ... 14
2.3.6Inflectional ... 14
2.4 Loanwords ... 15
Chapter III METHODS OF RESEARCH 3.1 Research Design ... 18
3.2 Data and Data Source ... 18
3.3 Data Collecting Procedure ... 19
3.4 Data Analysis Method ... 19
Chapter IV ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS 4.1 Analysis ... 21
4.1.1Spontaneous Loanwords ... 21
4.1.2Incorporated Loanwords ... 24
4.1.3Analysis of Affixation Process ... 31
4.1.4Analysis of Internal Change Process ... 43
4.1.5Analysis of Conversion Process ... 65
4.1.6Analysis of Derivational Process ... 82
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xii Chapter V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
5.1 Conclusion ... 89 5.2 Suggestion ... 89
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xiii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
Adj : Adjective N : Noun V : Verb
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xiv LIST OF TABLES
Table 2.1 : Free morphemes and bound morphemes Table 2.2 : Inflectional forms
Table 2.3 : Necessary and unnecessary loanwords Table 4.1 : Spontaneous Loanwords
Table 4.2 : Incorporated Loanwords
Table 4.3 : Bahasa Indonesia Affixation Adjustment of loanwords Table 4.4 : Internal changes’ list
Table 4.5 : Conversion’s list
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viii ABSTRAK
Skripsi yang berjudul “A Morphemic Analysis of Loanwords From English
Vocabularies In Indonesian Selected Newspaper „Kompas‟” ini membahas tentang analisis morfemis dari kata-kata serapan Bahasa Inggris yang digunakan kedalam Bahasa Indonesia. Analisis morfemis merupakan sebuah proses pembentukan kata baik derivasional maupun infleksional. Analisis morfemis yang dibahas didalam skripsi ini adalah afiksasi, perubahan internal, konversi atau perubahan kosong,dan derivasional.Skripsi ini dimaksudkan untuk menambah penelitian ilmiah dan informasi yang berhubungan dengan proses-proses morfemis dari kata-kata serapan dan juga sebagai acuan dan pertimbangan bagi orang- orang yang akan mempelajari dan menganalisa proses-proses morfemis dari kata-kata serapan dalam Bahasa Indoensia. Metode yang digunakan dalam skripsi ini adalah metode kualitatif deskriptif karena semua data yang dianalisis dalam skripsi ini dibuat dalam bentuk kata-kata bukan angka. Data dalam skripsi ini diambil dari kolom yang sudah dipilih dalam harian Kompas dari tanggal 23 April sampai dengan 30 April 2015. Dari hasil analisis yang ditemukan dalam skripsi ini,terdapat sedikitnya 215 kemunculan kata-kata serapan yang lazim digunakan dalam Bahasa Indonesia.Kata-kata-kata ini kemudian dikelompokkan berdasarkan proses-proses morfemis yang terjadi ketika kata tersebut digunakan kedalam Bahasa Indonesia. Hampir semua kata yang diserap kedalam Bahasa Indonesia mengalami perubahan dalam penggunaaannya.
Kata kunci: kata serapan, analisis morfemis, afiksasi, perubahan internal, konversi, derivasional.
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ix ABSTRACT
This thesis entitled “A Morphemic Analysis of Loanwords From English Vocabularies In Indonesian Selected Newspaper „Kompas‟” discusses about the morphemic analysis of English loanwords which is used into Bahasa Indonesia Morphemic analysis is a process of word formation whether it is derivational or inflectional. The morphemic analysis that will be discussed in this thesis are affixation, internal change, conversion or zero derivation, and derivational. This thesis is intended to enrich the scientific research and give information about morphemic processes of loanwords and also can be a reference and consideration for those who study and analyze morphemic processes of loanwords in Bahasa Indonesia. The method that used in thesis is descriptive qualitative method because all of the data that are analyzed in this thesis are presented in the form of words not in number. The data are taken from Kompas selected columns in April 23rd up to April 30th 2015.Based on the finding that has been analyzed in this thesis, at least 215 occurrences of loanwords are found from the data which is commonly used in Bahasa Indonesia. This occurrence of loanwords then are analyzed based on the process which occurs in its word formation. It is almost certainly that loanwords which borrow into Bahasa Indonesia have gained some changes in using it.
Keywords: loanwords, morphemic analysis, affixation, internal change, conversion or zero derivation, derivational.
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1 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1.Background of The Study
All languages change over time. They change because of the change in culture and environment. Language is an expression of human activity in the world and the changes in the world have brought about innovation in a language. Bahasa Indonesia has changed many times because of the influence of other languages and environments. It has been a long time since Indonesia was colonized by the other nations, and it has had an impact on the language. Bahasa Indonesia that is used nowadays is the language that is created by unification of other languages. Most of the vocabularies now are derived from other languages such as English, Portuguese, Dutch, Arabic, etc. The interference of other countries, peoples and languages in the colonial era has brought about many new words in Bahasa Indonesia.
Because of the influence of the other nations, Bahasa Indonesia has borrowed vocabularies from other languages. They are called loanwords. Generally, loanwords mean the words are borrowed from one language and then naturalized to the other language or it can be said that loanwords are words from origin language that become part of another language and used it like their own language. The loanwords are used because the writer can’t find an appropriate word expression or the language doesn’t have any appropriate words to replace it. It includes its pronunciation, writing system, form and also meaning.
Borrowing a language from another language is due to the contact between two languages or one language to another language. We may find the words such as “bisnis”, “inflasi”, “diskon”, “computer”, etc in daily life. Those words are taken
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2 from English loanwords which are used into Bahasa Indonesia. The words that are borrowed from English words must be known in Bahasa Indonesia so that the information can be understood by any information provider or receiver that uses two languages, either English or Indonesian.
It is commonly for the people to use the loanword in their daily life even in the formal situation, but they might be not know about how exactly alteration process that occurs in borrowing a loanwords. The loanwords that are used in Bahasa Indonesia often possess alteration process. The alterations sometimes occur in the form of loanwords that used in Bahasa Indonesia. This alteration can be seen through the word formation when the loanwords are used into Bahasa Indonesia. The change in the word formation of loanwords that used in Bahasa Indonesia can be analyzed in morphology.
Morphology is the a branch of linguistics used to identify, analyze, and describe the structure of a given language’s morpheme and other linguistics units, such as root words, affixes, parts of speech, intonation and stressed, or implied context. Coates (1999:8) states that morphology is the academic study of word structure”. More specifically, this thesis attempts to discuss morphemic analysis of English loanwords towards Bahasa Indonesia. Morphemic analysis is used to determine or infer the meaning of words by examining their meaningful parts (prefix, suffix, root, etc). The process of words formation that is borrowed from English words sometimes has undergone some changes in its word formation. The process can be seen in Bahasa Indonesia case as follow:
E : Tani contracts this house for 3 months I : Tani mengontrak rumah ini selama 3 bulan.
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3 The word “contract” is borrowed into Bahasa Indonesia and the base form of the word in ɒahasa Indonesia is “kontrak”. ɒased on the context of the sentence, to make it equivalence with ɒahasa Indonesia, the word “contract” is formed by adding the affixation “me-” in ɒahasa Indonesia. However the word “me-kontrak” is grammatically incorrect, therefore the appropriate form in Bahasa Indonesia is “mengontrak”. It is contemplated based on the morphological aspects.
Based on all of the reason that explained above, so the writer will discuss the morphemic analysis of loanwords in newspaper. The reason of the use newspaper for this thesis because of the language that used short, simple, understanable and solid interesting. It means that press as means of mass communication has a big responsibility in the establishment of a language. The source data of this thesis is the articles in Kompas selected columns which is used the registers terms in their language production.
1.2.Problem of Study
In this analysis, there are some questions to be answered. These questions are the problems that need solutions, they are:
a. What types of loanwords are found in Kompas selected columns?
b. How are the morphemic processes of loanwords found in Kompas selected columns?
1.3.Objectives of the Study
In relation of the problem, the objectives of this analysis are : a. To find out the types of loanwords in Kompas selected columns.
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4 b. To analyze morphemic processes of loanword in Kompas selected
columns.
1.4.Scope of The Study
In research, it is important to limit the analysis on specific data that has been chosen. This research will focus on the articles of selected columns in Kompas daily newspaper. The focus of the analysis is the morphemic process of loanwords or terms in Bahasa Indonesia.
1.5.Significance of The Study
Theoretically, the analysis could enrich the scientific research and gave information about the morphemic process of loanwords or terms found in Kompas selected columns. Practically, this thesis is expected to give input for those who will study and analyze morphemic process of loanwords in Kompas selected columns.
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5 CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1.Review of Study
In doing an analysis scientifically it is important to look upon another work which has been done before. Through reflecting on it, the analysis could take some different perspectives from those works, such as the theory, the methodology and the way they analyze the data. Those works, in a narrow or wide paradigm, may help to finish and conclude an analysis well.
The work which is going to be discussed is “Penyerapan Leksikon ɑsing dalam Bidang Otomotif ke Dalam Bahasa Indonesia (Dahreni 2009). Dahreni analyzed the process of word- formation in Bahasa Indonesia from the loanwords or terms that are derived from other languages especially from English. She also analyzed borrowing of foreign languages based on the morphological forms of word structuring. The morphological forms found in loanwords of foreign terms in automotive are affixation, reduplication, and abbreviation.
This analysis is aimed at describing language change used by the speaker along with culture, science, and technology development. The findings are expected to get positive impacts of the development in translation and language borrowing in automotive field derived from foreign languages in Bahasa Indonesia. This analysis also is aimed at increasing vocabularies in Bahasa Indonesia from borrowing foreign words.
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6 2.2.Theoretical Review
2.2.1. Morphology
Morphology is the branch of grammar which studies the structure or forms of words, primarily through the use of the morpheme construction. It is traditionally distinguished from syntax, which deals with the rules governing the combination of words in sentences. It is generally divided into two fields: the study of inflections (inflectional morphology) and of word-formation (lexical or derivational morphology) – a distinction which is sometimes accorded theoretical status (split morphology). In other words, morphology is a branch of linguistics which studies and discusses complications of word structure and the change of words structure, meaning and word-class (Crystal 2008:314).
Morphology is the study of morphemes and their arrangements in forming words. The morpheme arrangements which are treated under the morphology of a language include all combinations that form words or parts of words. In morphology, the system for the combining of morphemes is different with syntax. In syntax, there may be such alternative orders as “John ran away”, “ɑway ran John”, and “ɑway John ran”, in morphology, the order is fixed. Even in English is found complex structures, e.g. “formalizers”, in which are consisted of five morphemes. The shift in order one morpheme makes the word quite unintelligible, e.g. “formizalers” (Nida 1949:1).
Bloomfield cited in Muchtar (2009:2) states that morphology is the construction in which bound forms appear among the constituents. The resultants forms are either bound forms or words, but never phrases. It is clearly defined that morphology is the study that analyzes the structuring words and then it is developed into the full words used as grammatical units of language.
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7 Verhaar (2008:97) states that “morfologi adalah bidang linguistic yang mengidentifikasi satuan-satuan dasar bahasa sebagai satuan gramatikal”. It is said that the additional of grammar here is obviously needed because every word can be divided into the smallest part which is called phoneme. But phoneme is not always a morpheme. In short, morpheme here is the part which is formed by the smallest constituent grammatical. For example, the word “undo” consists of four phonemes and two morphemes, “un-”and“do”.
Morphology is bound in its discipline. Bound is the study that only works through word structures and grammatical exchanges. Morphology does not always break a sentence down into the smallest part until it has reached the level of words. When the level of words has been reached, it will be easy to determine the word structuring.
2.2.2. Word
Every sentence written in the books, newspapers, magazines are formed by a word combined with another word. Not only in the written form, but also in every statement uttered by people is formed by a word. Word is a part of sentence consists of one or more letters or syllables and had certain meaning. Therefore the word can be analyzed by the structure and meaning. Hockett (1958: 166) states that a word is thus any segment or a sentence bounded by successive points at which pausing is possible. Based on his statement, he defines that it should be possible to make pausing among the words. It is based on how someone utters and stresses the intonation in a sentence.
Bloomfield cited in Parera (1988:2) states that word is a free form consists of two or more lesser free forms as, for instance, “poor John” or “John ran away” or “yes, Sir”, is a phrase. Free form does not consist entirely of two or more lesser free
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8 form: in brief, a word is minimum free form. Minimum free form refers to a form that can be uttered alone and had meaning, but the form can’t be separated from the other form. These forms can’t be uttered and have no meaning. Based on this view, the minimum free from of word can be defined in words such as “quickly”, “lower”, and “highest”. From those words, the words “quickly”, “lower”, and “highest” are the minimum free form because the words consist of free form such as “quick”, “low”, and “high” and they are followed by form such as “–ly”, “-er”, and “–est”. These forms are also words but they don’t possess a meaning and they should be bound to free form to make them meaningful.
Words tend to be smaller than sentence and it is combined to form a sentence. However sometimes in some languages, a single word can posses a “sentence” meaning. In a spoken or “signed” languages, words, there are no spaces or pauses to delineate words. It is pointed out that the words don’t need to be written to know their existence. The existence of words can be seen when they use and give meaning to a sentence that is uttered by people.
2.2.3. Morpheme
The term morpheme refers to the smallest, invisible units of semantic content or grammatical function which words are made up (Katamba 1993:20). In other case, he defines morpheme as the smallest difference in shape of a word correlates with the smallest difference in word or sentence meaning or in grammatical structure.
Nida (1949:6) states that morphemes are the minimal meaningful units which may constitute words or parts of words. For example, English words “boyish”, “maddening”, “condense”, “receive”, and “up”, have a little difficulty in identifying the various component units such as “boy”, “-ish”, “mad”, “-en”, “ing”, “con-“, “ -dense”, “re-“, “-ceive”, and “up”. Those words should be broken down into their
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9 constituents parts. In order to identify the morphemes, the constituents must have certain partially similar forms that can be recognized recurring partials. It should have the comparison of words in which each form contains morpheme in a different situation. This means, the morpheme can be discovered from the comparison and isolation with the other forms.
Hockett (1958:123) states that morpheme as the smallest individually meaningful elements in the utterances of a language. He gives an easy way to find a morpheme in a speech in a language. For example, “John was looking for the glasses”. He gives a statement as what is said that form of the sentence can be separated into the smallest part and is possible for that form to reuse in other sentences with more or less same meaning. The sentence can be separated as the morpheme such as:
- John - was - look - ing – for – the – glass – es
Morpheme always has a meaning and also can’t be divided into the smallest part anymore because the meaning contains in that morpheme will disappear. The meaning contains in the morpheme is either lexical meaning or grammatical meaning.
Morpheme is divided into two parts such as free morpheme and bound morpheme. Free morpheme is the morpheme that can stand alone without being added by another morpheme. This means, the free morpheme doesn’t need another form of morpheme to join with the morpheme itself and it can be separated from the other “free” form of morpheme whether it is in front or at the back, is pronunciation. Bound morpheme is the morpheme that can’t stand alone and can be melted itself into the other morpheme. Katamba (1993:42) states that bound morpheme is the morpheme in which is incapable of occurring in isolation and always occurs with
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10 some other word- building elements attached to. In short, bound morpheme is not an independent morpheme and it doesn’t have meaning if it stands alone.
Here are some examples that describe free morphemes and bound morphemes.
Free Morpheme Bound Morpheme
Nation National
Power Powerful
Hard Hardest
Print Printer
Mean Meaning
Easy Easily
Able Unable
Regular Irregular
Courage Encourage
Perfect Imperfect
Table 2.1: free morphemes and bound morphemes
2.2.4. Root, Base, and Stem
Looking at words that have some internal structure, it might be possible to decide that the elements that consist of internal structure are not all equal. In
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11 “sending”, for instance, it can be seen the structure of “send-ing” and it can be concluded that the free morpheme “send” has had the bound morpheme “–ing” attached after it. The key elements to which others are added, is called the root of the word. Katamba (1993:41) states that a root is the irreducible core of a word, with absolutely nothing else is attached to it. It is the part that always present, possibly with some modification, in the various manifestations of a lexeme. For example, “walk” is a root and it appears in the set of word-forms that instantiate the lexeme “walk” such as “walk”, “walks”, “walking”, and “walked”.
The additional elements such as “–ly”, “-est”, “-er”, “-ing”, “-im”, “-un”, etc which are well known as affixes, are not independent. They are added to other elements. It is called a base. All roots are potentially bases. Katamba (1993:45) states that a base is any unit whatsoever to which affixes of any kind can be added. The affixes attached to a base may be inflectional affixes selected for syntactic reason or derivational affixes which alter the meaning or grammatical category of the base. For example, an unadorned root like “boy” can be a base since it has an inflectional affix like “–s” to form the plural “boys” or derivational affix like “–ish” to turn the noun boy into the adjective “boyish”.
The affixes are not usually formed in a lexical. Some of the affixes are grammatical. What are added to grammatical affixes is called a stem, whether it is simple or complex in its own structure. Katamba (1993:45) states that a stem is part of a word that appears before any inflectional affixes (i.e. those affixes whose presence is required by the syntax such as markers of singular and plural number in nouns, tense, verbs, etc.) have been added. In “cats”, for instance, the plural inflectional suffix “–s” is attached to the simple stem “cat”, which is a bare root or the irreducible core of the word.
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12 Coates (1993:29) simply defines the term of root, base, and stem. He states that root is a morpheme on which the rest of a word is built, base is any structure to which an affix may be added, and stem is any base to which a grammatical affix may be added. He also states that there are two kinds of affixes, lexical affixes which are formed separated from dictionary word by being attached to bases and grammatical affixes which add grammatical meanings to the meaning of their stems. Based on that view, it is concluded that all roots are bases. Bases are called stem only in the context of inflectional morphology.
2.3.Morphemic Analysis
Parera (1988:18) states that “proses morfemis adalah proses pembentukan kata bermorfem jamak baik derivatif maupun inflektif.” This process is meant and functioned as the complement of lexical meaning which is possessed by a base form. Generally the morphemic processes are divided into some process, such as affixation, reduplication, internal change, conversion, suprasegemental morphemic (inflection and derivation), etc.
2.3.1. Affixation
The affixation is the process generally used in language, even in morphemic process. Parera (1988:18) states that affixation is the morphemic process that occurs if a bound morpheme is added to the free morpheme or in other words, affixation is the process of adding bound morpheme into base form. Based on the position of bound morpheme towards free morpheme, the affixation processes are divided into three parts.
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13 1. Prefix
Prefix is the affixation process that happens if the bound morpheme is added in front of base form or free morpheme of word. For example, “un -”, “re-”, “de-”, “im-” in words unhappy, rebuilt, deactivate, immortal. 2. Suffix
Suffix is the process of affixation that happens if bound morpheme is added in the end of the free morpheme or base form. For example, “-s”, “ -ion”, “-ish”, “-er”, “-ly”, “-ful”, “-est” in words books, delegation, childish, farmer, fully, beautiful, and highest.
3. Confix
Confix is the process of affixation in which the affixation is divided by the bound morpheme. For example, “un-ly”, “ir-able”, “im-ity” in words “uneasily”, “irreplaceable”, “immortality”.
4. Infix
Infix is the process of affixation in which the bound morpheme is added in the middle of free morpheme. In English, there is no infix process in word formation, but in Bahasa Indonesia the process still exists. For example, “-em”,“-el”, and “-er” in words gemuruh, telunjuk, gerigi. 2.3.2. Internal Change
Parera (1994:19) states that “pergantian internal adalah sebuah proses dimana sebuah morfem dasar bebas dapat mengalami perubahan dalam tubuhnya sendiri dengan adanya pergantian salah satu unsur fonemnya baik konsonan, vocal maupun cirri-ciri suprasegmental (nada, tekanan, durasi, dan sendi).” For example, the words foot /fut/ and feet /fiyt/ are the form that have different meaning because of the changing of /u/ with /iy/ in foot /fut/ (singular) and feet /fiyt/ (plural).
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14 2.3.3. Reduplication
Reduplication is the morphemic process of word that reduplicates the base form whether it is partial, whole word, or even the changing of sounds. For examples, “handy-dandy”, “bow-wow”, “chit-chat”, “walkie-talkie”, “zig-zag”, etc. In Bahasa Indonesia, for example,“lelaki” (partial reduplication),“mondar-mandir”
(reduplication with the changing of sounds), and “meja-meja” (reduplication of whole word).
2.3.4. Conversion
Conversion or zero derivation is the process of word formation from the word to other word without any segmental changes. For example, the word “sheep” is the singular free morpheme, if it is changed into plural it is still “sheep” because there no any segmental changes. Compared with the singular “dog”, if it is changed into plural it will be “dogs” (the affixation process with the addition of -s).
2.3.5. Derivational
Parera (1994:21) states that “derivasi adalah sebuah proses pembentukan kata yang terjadi apabila sebuah kata bermorfem jamak secara sintaksis berdistribusi dan mempunyai equivalen dengan sebuah kata bermorfem tunggal”. For example, the word farmer is derived from verb “farm” and added with morpheme “–er” becomes farmer (noun) and word “girlish” is an adjective which is derived from noun, “girl” and added with morpheme “-ish”.
2.3.6. Inflectional
Parera (1994:22) states that “infleksi adalah sebuah proses morfologis yang menimbulkan satu perubahan bentuk kata bermorfem jamak dan beentuk-bentuk ini secara sintaksis tidak mempunyai ekuivalen dalam distribusi sintaksis dengan sebuah kata bermorfem tunggal”. Generally this process only reveals syntax and it is not
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15 brought to the replacement from the word-class to other word-class. The distribution of inflectional process is wider than derivational process. The form of inflectional is usually divided into some grammatical categories such as gender (man/male and woman/female) time, active and passive forms, and other category that have possibility with the characteristic of certain languages.
In English, the following examples will be explained.
Base Form Inflectional Word-Class Category
Boy Boys Noun Plural
Instrumentalist Instrumentalists Noun Plural
Pretty
Prettier Adjective Comparison
(Degree) Prettiest
Good
Better Adjective Comparison
(Degree) Best
Stop Stopped Verb Time
Give Gave Verb Time
Table 2.2: inflectional forms
2.4.Loanwords
Loanwords are the words that are taken from one language to another language. The loanwords are categorized into the sociolinguistics which discusses the social phenomenon of language with regards to the human being and the use of language in society. Wardaugh cited in Hanafiah (2013:81-91) states that loanwords refer to words that are borrowed from different languages and used them in their
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16 utterance. He also states whether the foreign words are adopted or not, two types of loanwords have been distinguished as follows:
1. Spontaneous loanwords
Spontaneous loanwords are foreign words that receive no adaptation at all or they may receive it but the adaptation is not apparently noticeable in the base language. For example, the English “thank” is written thank (without spelling change, pronounced as /θæŋk/ and without changing the phoneme /θ/ into /t/, and without erasing the sound of /k/ at the end of the word).
2. Incorporated loanwords
Incorporated loanwords are words that are borrowed and receive affixes, sounds, or spelling adjustment in the base language. For example, the English “handphone” has been pronounced /hænpon/ and sometimes written “henpon”, the word “juice” become “jus”, “paragraph” become “paragraf”, etc.
Besides the two types above, he also distinguishes two types of loan words based on the level of the necessity in borrowing the words, the types are:
1. Necessary loanwords
Necessary loanwords, also named importations, are words borrowed from foreign languages by bilinguals into their utterance because they find there is no exact word in their own language that can express what they mean. For examples, the Indonesia words related to invention of technology “televise”, “telepon”, “computer”, and “internet” are absorbed from English words, “television”, “telephone”, “computer”, and “internet”.
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17 2. Unnecessary loanwords
Unnecessary loanwords are the words from a foreign language that are borrowed although there are actually corresponding words in the language receive that may be used to substitute them. The following list is popular loanwords found in Bahasa Indonesia that demonstrate the unnecessary. Some of the Bahasa Indonesia corresponding items indeed look more foreign than the English that have been frequently and widely used.
English Loanword Bahasa Indonesia Corresponding Items
Keywords Kata kunci
Software Perangkat lunak
Microphone Pelantang
E-mail Pos elektronik
Scanner Pemindai
Handphone Telepon genggam
Keyboard Papan tombol
Snack Kudapan
Laundry Penatu;dobi
Web-news Jejaring berita
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18 CHAPTER III
METHOD OF RESEARCH 3.1.Research Design
This research applies qualitative method which focuses on the phenomena of loanwords. The discussion is focused on the phenomena of English vocabularies in Bahasa Indonesia. This thesis attempts to analyze the morphemic English loanword vocabularies in Bahasa Indonesia. The data are taken from Kompas randomly selected columns.
3.2.Data and Data Source
The data presented in this analysis are loanwords from English vocabularies in Bahasa Indonesia taken from Kompas selected columns. Loanwords are foreign words that are borrowed by other languages, adapted and naturalized into the language. The source of data that will be analyzed in this thesis is Kompas daily newspaper. The data are written materials in the original language. The data are taken from some column in Kompas which is considered as the written texts that have so many loanwords. The analysis goes through some column such as economics (15 articles), educations and cultures (5 articles), internationals (10 articles), politics and law (10 articles), sports (10 articles) in Kompas daily newspaper. The data are taken from Kompas daily newspaper in April 23rd 2015 up to April 30th 2015. The amounts of population which have been obtained from the data are 900 loanwords. The samples of data are 215 loanwords which have been taken from the population. The samples choose based on the words that most used and appeared in Bahasa Indonesia.
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19 3.3.Data Collecting Procedure
Azwar (2004:36) states that “data penelitian dikumpulkan baik lewat instrumen pengumpulan data, observasi, maupun lewat data dokumentasi”. Based on the theory viewed above, the procedure that is used to collect the data is documentation. Documentation is the procedure used to search the data from the written text such as s transcript, books, newspapers, magazines, agendas, etc. The data are taken from Kompas daily newspaper.
3.4.Data Analysis Method
After collecting the data, the analysis then moves to the analysis of data. In analyzing the data, the descriptive method is applied. Azwar (2004:126) stated that “analisis deskriptif bertujuan untuk memberikan deskripsi mengenai subyek penelitian berdasarkan data dari variabel yang diperoleh dari kelompok subyek yang diteliti dan tidak dimaksudkan untuk pengujian hipotesis.”
Based on the theory, the analysis will follow particular procedures which are stated below:
1. Classification
Classification is the phase used to categorize or divide the data. This phase is firstly to classify and arrange the data to which they belong to. In this phase, the data should be categorized based on the column such as, economics, educations and cultures, internationals, politics and laws, and sports.
2. Identification
Identification is used to determine the data that have been taken from the source contain the problem of the analysis. The data that will be
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20 identified in this analysis regarding the loanwords that are taken from Kompas selected columns.
3. Finding
Finding is the phase of looking for the loanwords from the data that have been taken. In this phase the data are segmented into words. The amount of loanwords that obtained from the data are 900 loanwords. Then from 900 loanwords, the data are reduced until 215 loanwords. The data is choosen based on the most used and appeared words in Bahasa Indonesia.
4. Analysis
The data that have been categorized into words are analyzed. In this phase, the types of loanwords contain in the data will be categorized based on theory of Wardaugh cited in Hanafiah and the morphemic processes occurs in the loanwords will be analyzed by using theory of Parera.
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21 CHAPTER IV
ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS 4.1.Analysis
In the chapters before, theories of loanwords have been explained specifically. Based on the theory, this thesis is not discussing about the loanwords, however this thesis discusses the loanwords based on the morphology aspect especially the morphemic process of loanwords in Bahasa Indonesia. In this chapter, the data that have been gained from the source are analyzed based on the morphemic process that occurs in the data. This chapter also answers the problem that need to be solved.
Before explaining this thesis further, the writer calls up again about loanwords and morphemic process. As we know, loanwords are words that used to replace other words when there are no proper words. Loanwords also used as the borrowing words which can be naturalized into the language. The types of loanwords are divided into two types such as, spontaneous loanwords and incorporated loanwords. All types of those loanwords are represented by the words which are found in data.
Based on the data which are obtained from Kompas selected columns in April 23rd up to April 30th 2015, there are two types of loanwords which are categorized into spontaneous loanwords and incorporated loanwords.
4.1.1.Spontaneous Loanwords
Spontaneous loanwords are foreign words that receive no adaptation at all or they may receive it but the adaptation is not apparently noticeable in the base language. The spontaneous loanwords that obtain from the data can be seen in this following table.
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22 No English Loanword
Bahasa Indonesia Adapted Version
1 Area Area
2 Atom Atom
3 Audio Audio
4 Audit Audit
5 Bank Bank
6 Bar Bar
7 Bilateral Bilateral
8 Bomber Bomber
9 Bus Bus
10 Debit Debit
11 Detail Detail
12 Digital Digital
13 Domain Domain
14 Duel Duel
15 Duet Duet
16 Elite Elite
17 Era Era
18 Film Film
19 Final Final
20 Format Format
21 Formula Formula
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23
23 Global Global
24 Hotel Hotel
25 Internal Internal
26 Item Item
27 Level Level
28 Maestro Maestro
29 Magnet Magnet
30 Material Material
31 Media Media
32 Model Model
33 Modern Modern
34 Moral Moral
35 Multilateral Multilateral
36 Navigator Navigator
37 Normal Normal
38 Novel Novel
39 Operator Operator
40 Optimal Optimal
41 Partner Partner
42 Patriot Patriot
43 Poster Poster
44 Program Program
45 Proposal Proposal
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24
47 Regional Regional
48 Rival Rival
49 Semifinal Semifinal
50 Seminar Seminar
51 Status Status
52 Super Super
53 Target Target
54 Telegram Telegram
55 Terminal Terminal
56 Top Top
57 Total Total
58 Tripod Tripod
59 Unit Unit
60 Veteran Veteran
61 Video Video
62 Virus Virus
63 Visa Visa
64 Visual Visual
65 Volume Volume
Table 4.1: Spontaneous loanwords
4.1.2.Incorporated Loanwords
Incorporated loanwords are words that are borrowed and received affixes, sound, or spelling adjustment in the base language. The incorporated loanwords that obtain from the data can be seen in the following table.
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25 No English Loanwords
Bahasa Indonesia Adapted Version
1 Politic Berpolitik
2 Create Berkreasi
3 Potency Berpotensi
4 Orientate Berorientasi
5 Music Bermusik
6 Carrier Berkarir
7 Quality Berkualitas
8 Operate Beroperasi
9 Status Berstatus
10 Duel Berduel
11 Motive Bermotif
12 Evolution Berevolusi
13 Communicate Berkomunikasi
14 Action Beraksi
15 Subsidy Bersubsidi
16 Initiative Berinisiatif
17 Comment Berkomentar
18 Access Mengakses
19 Express Mengekspresikan
20 Process Memproses
21 Audit Mengaudit
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26
23 Optimal Mengoptimalkan
24 Describe Mendeskripsikan
25 Appreciate Mengapresiasi
26 Inspire Menginspirasi
27 Import Mengimpor
28 Protest Memprotes
29 Recruit Merekrut
30 Target Menargetkan
31 Respond Merespon
32 Neutralize Menetralkan
33 Predict Memprediksi
34 Analyze Menganalisis
35 Adapt Mengadaptasi
36 Claim Mengklaim
37 Adopt Mengadopsi
38 Clarify Mengklarifikasi
39 Transfer Mentransfer
40 Comment Mengomentari
41 Criticize Mengkritik
42 Sponsor Mensponsori
43 Revise Merevisi
44 Manipulate Memanipulasi
45 Maximize Memaksimalkan
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27
47 Activate Mengaktifkan
48 Control Mengontrol
49 Monitor Memonitor
50 Evacuate Mengevakuasi
51 Discuss Berdiskusi
52 Adapt Beradaptasi
53 Modal Bermodalkan
54 Anticipate Mengantisispasi
55 Mutate Memutasi
56 Operate Mengoperasikan
57 Promote Mempromosikan
58 Inform Menginformasikan
59 Instruct Menginstruksikan
60 Invest Menginvestasikan
61 Academic Akademik
62 Access Akses
63 Actor Aktor
64 Alphabet Alfabet
65 Analysis Analisis
66 Artist Artis
67 Aspect Aspek
68 Biography Biografi
69 Business Bisnis
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28
71 Box Boks
72 Bomb Bom
73 Brochure Brosur
74 Check Cek
75 Deficit Defisit
76 Decade Dekade
77 Department Departemen
78 Dialogue Dialog
79 Design Desain
80 Discount Diskon
81 Document Dokumen
82 Draft Draf
83 Dramatic Dramatis
84 Effect Efek
85 Efficient Efisien
86 Element Elemen
87 Economy Ekonomi
88 Execution Eksekusi
89 External Eksternal
90 Extreme Ekstrem
91 Energy Energi
92 Essay Esai
93 Fact Fakta
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29 95 Facilitator Fasilitator
96 Focus Fokus
97 Photo Foto
98 Helicopter Helikopter
99 Icon Ikon
100 Illegal Ilegal
101 Index Indeks
102 Indicator Indikator
103 Industry Industri
104 International Internasional
105 Jacket Jaket
106 Jeep Jip
107 Journal Jurnal
108 Cabin Kabin
109 Camera Kamera
110 Camp Kamp
111 Category Kategori
112 Code Kode
113 Colony Koloni
114 Corps Korps
115 Cream Krim
116 Crucial Krusial
117 License Lisensi
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30
119 Marathon Maraton
120 Microphone Mikrofon
121 National Nasional
122 Neutral Netral
123 Object Objek
124 Operation Operasi
125 Pamphlet Pamflet
126 Potential Potensial
127 Producer Produser
128 Protocol Protokol
129 Ratio Rasio
130 Rhetoric Retorika
131 Certificate Sertifikat
132 Symbol Simbol
133 System Sistem
134 Scenario Skenario
135 Special Spesial
136 Station Stasiun
137 Study Studi
138 Survey Survei
139 Team Tim
140 Traditional Tradisional
141 Tragedy Tragedi
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31
143 Vacuum Vakum
144 Villa Vila
145 Vocal Vokal
146 Professional Profesional
147 Systematic Sistematis
148 Artistic Artistik
149 Objective Objektif
150 Operational Operasional
Table 4.2: Incorporated loanwords
After categorizing the loanwords into two types of loanwords, then the change of word formation from English loanwords into Bahasa Indonesia will be analyzed through morphemic analysis. Morphemic analysis is the analysis that explains the word formation whether it is derivational or inflectional. The analysis functions as the complement of lexical meaning which is possessed by a base form. The analysis will deals with affixation, reduplication, conversion, internal change, derivational, and inflectional. The analyses discuss the word formation of the English loanwords used in Bahasa Indonesia.
4.1.3. Analysis of Affixation Process
In its writing system, Bahasa Indonesia that borrows other words may get some addition such as affixation. This addition always occurs in Bahasa Indonesia and foreign language especially in English. This addition can be in front of word, in the middle or even in the back of word. How word formation of loanwords used in Bahasa Indonesia will be analyzed further in this thesis.
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32 Based on the data that have been classified, 50 English words that get affixation adjustment when they are used in Bahasa Indonesia are analyzed below.
No English Loanword
Bahasa Indonesia Affixation Adjustment
1. Politic (n) Berpolitik (v)
2. Creation (n) Berkreasi (v)
3. Potency (n) Berpotensi (v)
4. Orientate (v) Berorientasi (v)
5. Music (n) Bermusik (v)
6. Carrier (n) Berkarir (v)
7. Quality (n) Berkualitas (v)
8. Operate (v) Beroperasi (v)
9. Status (n) Berstatus (v)
10. Duel (n) Berduel (v)
11. Motive (n) Bermotif (v)
12. Evolution (n) Berevolusi (v) 13. Communicate (v) Berkomunikasi (v)
14. Action (n) Beraksi (v)
15. Subsidy (n) Bersubsidi (v)
16. Initiative (n) Berinisiatif (v)
17. Comment (n) Berkomentar (v)
18. Access (n) Mengakses (v)
19. Express (v) Mengekspresikan (v)
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33
21. Audit (n) Mengaudit (v)
22. Detect (v) Mendeteksi (v)
23. Optimal (n) Mengoptimalkan (v)
24. Describe (v) Mendeskripsikan (v) 25. Appreciate (v) Mengapresiasi (v) 26. Inspire (v) Menginspirasi (v)
27. Import (n) Mengimpor (v)
28. Protest (n) Memprotes (v)
29. Recruit (v) Merekrut (v)
30. Target (v) Menargetkan (v)
31. Respond (v) Merespon (v)
32. Neutralize (v) Menetralkan (v)
33. Predict (v) Memprediksi (v)
34. Analyze (v) Menganalisis (v)
35. Adapt (v) Mengadaptasi (v)
36. Claim (v) Mengklaim (v)
37. Adopt (v) Mengadopsi (v)
38. Clarify (v) Mengklarifikasi (v) 39. Transfer (v) Mentransfer (v)
40. Comment (n) Mengomentari (v)
41. Criticize (v) Mengkritik (v)
42. Sponsor (n) Mensponsori (v)
43. Revise (v) Merevisi (v)
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34
45. Maximize (v) Memaksimalkan (v)
46. Export (n) Mengekspor (v)
47. Activate (v) Mengaktifkan (v)
48. Control (n) Mengontrol (v)
49. Monitor (v) Memonitor (v)
50. Evacuate (v) Mengevakuasi (v)
Table 4.3: Bahasa Indonesia Affixation Adjustment of loanwords
1. Berpolitik
The word “berpolitik” is formed by adding prefix “ber-” + noun base form “politik”. The noun base form “politik” is borrowed from English noun word “politics”. The word “ber + politik” here is a verb.
2. Berkresi
The word “berkreasi” is formed by adding prefix “ber-” + noun base form “kreasi”. The noun base form “kreasi” is borrowed from English noun word “creation”. The word “ber + kreasi” here is a verb.
3. Berpotensi
The word “berpotensi” is formed by adding prefix “ber-” + noun base form “potensi”. The noun base form “potensi” is borrowed from English noun word “potency”. The word “ber + potensi” here is a verb.
4. Berorientasi
The word “berorientasi” is formed by adding prefix “ber-” + noun base form “orientasi”. The noun base form “orientasi” is borrowed from English verb word “orientate”. The word “ber + orientasi” here is a verb.
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35 5. Bermusik
The word “bermusik” is formed by adding prefix “ber-” + noun base form “musik”. The noun base form “music” is borrowed from English noun word “music”. The word “ber + musik” here is a verb.
6. Berkarir
The word “berkarir” formed by adding prefix “ber-” + noun base form “karir”. The noun base form “karir” is borrowed from English noun word “carrier”. The word “ber + karir” here is a verb.
7. Berkualitas
The word “berkualitas” is formed by adding prefix “ber-” + noun base form “kualitas”. The noun base form “kualitas” is borrowed from English noun word “quality”. The word “ber + kualitas” here is a verb. 8. Beroperasi
The word “beroperasi” is formed by adding prefix “ber-” + noun base form “operasi”. The noun base form “operasi” is borrowed from English verb word “operate”. The word “ber + operasi” here is a verb.
9. Berstatus
The word “berstatus” is formed by adding prefix “ber-” + noun base form “status”. The noun base form “status” is borrowed from English noun word “status”. The word “ber + status” here is verb.
10.Berduel
The word “berduel” is formed by adding prefix “ber-” + noun base form “duel”. The noun base form “duel” is borrowed from English noun word “duel”. The word “ber + duel”here is a verb.
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36 11.Bermotif
The word “bermotif” is formed by adding prefix “ber-” + noun base form “motif”. The noun base form “motif” is borrowed from English noun word “motive”. The word “ber + motif” here is a verb.
12.Berevolusi
The word “berevolusi” is formed by adding prefix “ber-” + noun base form “evolusi”. The noun base form “evolusi” is borrowed from English noun word “evolution”. The word “ber + evolusi” here is a verb.
13.Berkomunikasi
The word “berkomunikasi” is formed by adding prefix “ber-” + noun base form “komunikasi”. The noun base form “komunikasi” is borrowed from English verb word “communicate”. The word “ber + komunikasi”
here is a verb. 14.Beraksi
The word “beraksi” is formed by adding prefix “ber-” + noun base form “aksi”. The noun base form “aksi” is borrowed from English noun word “action”.The word “ber + aksi” here is a verb.
15.Bersubsidi
The word “bersubsidi” is formed by adding prefix “ber-” + noun base form “subsidi”. The noun base form “subsidi” is borrowed from English noun word “subsidy”. The word “ber + subsidi” here is a verb.
16.Berinisiatif
The word “berinisiatif” is formed by adding prefix “ber-” + noun base form “inisiatif”. The word “inisiatif” is borrowed from English noun word “initiative”. The word “ber + inisiatif”here is a verb.
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37 17.Berkomentar
The word “berkomentar” is formed by adding prefix “ber-” + noun form “komentar”. The noun form “komentar” is borrowed from English noun word “comment”. The word “ber + komentar”here is a verb.
18.Mengakses
The word “mengakses” is formed by adding prefix “me-” which is followed by phoneme /a/ becoming “meng-” + noun base form “akses”. The noun base form “akses” is borrowed from English noun word “access”. The word “meng + akses”here is a verb.
19.Mengekspresikan
The word “mengekspresikan” is formed by adding prefix “me-” which is
followed by phoneme /e/ becoming “meng-” + noun base form “ekspresi” + a suffix “-kan”. The word “mengekspresikan” is borrowed from English verb word “express”. The word “meng + ekspresi + kan”
here is a verb. 20.Memproses
The word “memproses” is formed by adding prefix “me-” which is followed by phoneme /p/ becoming “mem-” + noun base form “proses”. The noun base form “proses” is borrowed from English noun word “process”. The word “mem + proses” here is a verb.
21.Mengaudit
The word “mengaudit” is formed by adding prefix “me-” which is followed by phoneme /a/ becoming “mem-” + noun base form “audit”. The noun base form “audit” is borrowed from English noun word “audit”. The word “meng + audit”here is a verb.
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38 22.Mendeteksi
The word “mendeteksi” is formed by adding prefix “me-” which is followed by phoneme /d/ becoming “men-” + noun base form “deteksi”. The word “mendeteksi” is borrowed from English verb word “detect”. The word “men + deteksi”here is a verb.
23.Mengoptimalkan
The word “mengoptimalkan” is formed by adding prefix “me-” which is followed by phoneme /o/ becoming “meng-” + noun base form “optimal” + suffix “-kan”. The word “mengoptimalkan” is borrowed from English noun word “optimal”. The word “meng + optimal + kan”
here is a verb. 24.Mendeskripsikan
The word “mendeskripsikan” is formed by adding prefix “me-” which is followed by phoneme /d/ becoming “men-” + noun base form “deskripsi” + suffix “-kan”. The word “mendeskripsikan” is borrowed from English verb word “describe”. The word “men + deskripsi + kan”
here is a verb. 25.Mengapresiasi
The word “mengapresiasi” is formed by adding prefix “me-” which is followed by phoneme /a/ becoming “meng-” + noun base form “apresiasi”. The word “mengapresiasi” is borrowed from English verb word “appreciate”. The word “meng + apresiasi”here is a verb.
26.Menginspirasi
The word “menginspirasi” is formed by adding prefix “me-” which is followed by phoneme /i/ becoming “meng-” + noun base form
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39 “inspirasi”. The word “menginspirasi” is borrowed from English verb word “inspire”. The word “meng + inspirasi” here is a verb.
27.Mengimpor
The word “mengimpor” is formed by adding prefix “me-” which is followed by phoneme /i/ becoming “meng-” + noun base form “impor”. The noun base form “impor” is borrowed from English noun word “import”. The word “meng + impor”here is a verb.
28.Memprotes
The word “memprotes” is formed by adding prefix “mem-” + noun base form “protes”. The word “memprotes” is borrowed from English noun word “protest”. The word “mem + protes”here is a verb.
29.Merekrut
The word “merekrut” is formed by adding prefix “me-” + noun base form “rekrut”. The word “merekrut” is borrowed from English verb word “recruit”. The word “me + rekrut”here is a verb.
30.Menargetkan
The word “menargetkan” is formed by adding prefix “me-” which is followed by phoneme /t/ becoming “men-” + noun base form “target” + suffix “-kan”. The noun base form “target” is borrowed from English verb word “target”. The word “me + nargetkan”here is a verb.
31.Merespon
The word “merespon” is formed by adding prefix “me-” + noun base form “respon”. The word “merespon” is borrowed from English verb word “respond”. The word “me + respon”here is a verb.
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40 32.Menetralkan
The word “menetralkan” is formed by adding prefix “me-” + noun base form “netral” + suffix “-kan”. The word “menetralkan” is borrowed from English verb word “neutralize”. The word “me + netral + kan”here is a verb.
33.Memprediksi
The word “memprediksi” is formed by adding prefix “me-” which is followed by phoneme /p/ becoming “mem-” + noun base form “prediksi”. The word “memprediksi” is borrowed from English verb word “predict”. The word “mem + prediksi”here is a verb.
34.Menganalisis
The word “menganalisis” is formed by adding prefix “me-” which is followed by phoneme /a/ becoming “meng-” + noun base form “analisis”. The word “menganalisis” is borrowed from English verb word “analyze”. The word “meng + analisis” here is a verb.
35.Mengadaptasi
The word “mengadaptasi” is formed by adding prefix “me-” which is followed by phoneme /a/ becoming “meng-” + noun base form “adaptasi”. The word “mengadaptasi” is borrowed from English word “adapt”. The word “meng + adaptasi”here is a verb.
36.Mengklaim
The word “mengklaim” is formed by adding prefix “me-” which is followed by phoneme /k/ becoming “meng-” + noun base form “klaim”. The noun base form “klaim” is borrowed from English verb word “claim”. The word “meng + klaim”here is a verb.
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41 37.Mengadopsi
The word “mengadopsi” is formed by adding prefix “me-” which is followed by phoneme /a/ becoming “meng-” + noun base form “adopsi”. The word “mengadopsi” is borrowed from English verb word “adopt”. The word “meng + adopsi”here is a verb.
38.Mengklarifikasi
The word “mengklarifikasi” is formed by adding prefix “me-” which is followed by phoneme /k/ becoming “meng-” + noun base form “klarifikasi”. The word “mengklarifikasi” is borrowed from English verb word “clarify”. The word “meng + klarifikasi”here is a verb.
39.Mentransfer
The word “mentransfer” is formed by adding prefix “me-” which is followed by phoneme /t/ becoming “men-” + noun base form “transfer”. The word “mentransfer” is borrowed from English verb word “transfer”. The word “men + transfer”here is a verb.
40.Mengomentari
The word “mengomentari” is formed by adding prefix “me-” which is followed by phoneme /k/ becoming “meng-” + noun form “komentar” + suffix “i”. The noun form “komentar” is borrowed from English noun word “comment”. The word “me + ngomentar + i”here is a verb.
41.Mengkritik
The word “mengkritik” is formed by adding prefix “me-” which is followed by phoneme /k/ becoming “meng-” + noun base form “kritik”. The word “mengkritik” is borrowed from English verb word “criticize”. The word “meng + kritik”here is a verb.
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42 42.Mensponsori
The word “mensponsori” is formed by adding prefix “me-” which is followed by phoneme /s/ becoming “men-” + noun base form “sponsor” + suffix “i”. The noun base form “sponsor” is borrowed from English noun word “sponsor”. The word “men +sponsor + i”here is a verb. 43.Merevisi
The word “merevisi” is formed by adding prefix “me-” + noun base form “revisi”. The word “merevisi” is borrowed from English verb word “revise”. The word “me + revisi”here is a verb.
44.Memanipulasi
The word “memanipulasi” is formed by adding prefix “me-” + noun base
form “manipulasi”. The word “memanipulasi” is borrowed from English verb word “manipulate”. The word “me + manipulasi”here is a verb. 45.Memaksimalkan
The word “memaksimalkan” is formed by adding prefix “me-” + noun base form “maksimal” + suffix “-kan”. The word “memaksimalkan” is borrowed from English verb word “maximize”. The word “me + maksimal + kan”here is a verb.
46.Mengekspor
The word “mengekspor” is formed by adding prefix “me-” which is followed by phoneme /e/ becoming “meng-” + noun base form “ekspor”. The noun base form “ekspor” is borrowed from English noun word “export”. The word “meng + ekspor”here is a verb.
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43 47.Mengaktifkan
The word “mengaktifkan” is formed by adding prefix “me-” which is followed by phoneme /a/ becoming “meng-” + noun base form “aktif” + suffix “-kan”. The word “mengaktifkan” is borrowed from English verb word “activate”. The word “meng + aktif + kan”here is a verb.
48.Mengontrol
The word “mengontrol” is formed by adding prefix “me-” which is followed by phoneme /k/ becoming “meng-” + noun base form “kontrol”. The noun base form “kontrol” is borrowed from English noun word “control”. The word “me + ngontrol”here is a verb.
49.Memonitor
The word “memonitor” is formed by adding prefix “me-” + noun base form “monitor”. The noun base form “monitor” is borrowed from English verb word “monitor”. The word “me + monitor”here is a verb. 50.Mengevakuasi
The word “mengevakuasi” is formed by adding prefix “me-” which is followed by phoneme /e/ changing into “meng-” + noun base form “evakuasi”. The word “mengevakuasi” is taken from English word “evacuate”. The word “meng + evakuasi”here is a verb.
4.1.4. Analysis of Internal Change Process
Besides affixation, the analysis also can be gone through other analysis such as internal change. The words which are taken from English words get some changes in their internal structure. This change can modify the unsure of the phoneme of the word such as consonant, vocal, or even in their segmental characteristic (sound,
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44 intonation, duration, etc). This change also makes foreign language or in this case English more acceptable in Bahasa Indonesia and it is based on the official Indonesian spelling system.
Based on the data that have been classified, 85 English words that get internal change process when they are used in Bahasa Indonesia are analyzed below.
No. English Loanwords
Bahasa Indonesia Internal Change Version 1 Academic (adj) Akademik (adj)
2 Access (n) Akses (n)
3 Actor (n) Aktor (n)
4 Alphabet (n) Alfabet (n)
5 Analysis (n) Analisis (n)
6 Artist (n) Artis (n)
7 Aspect (n) Aspek (n)
8 Biography (n) Biografi (n)
9 Business (n) Bisnis (n)
10 Body (n) Bodi (n)
11 Box (n) Boks (n)
12 Bomb (n) Bom (n)
13 Brochure (n) Brosur (n)
14 Check (n) Cek (n)
15 Deficit (n) Defisit (v)
16 Decade (n) Dekade (n)
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45
18 Dialogue (n) Dialog (n)
19 Design (n) Desain (n)
20 Discount (n) Diskon (n)
21 Document (n) Dokumen (n)
22 Draft (n) Draf (n)
23 Dramatic (adj) Dramatis (adj)
24 Effect (n) Efek (n)
25 Efficient (adj) Efisien (adj)
26 Element (n) Elemen (n)
27 Economy (n) Ekonomi (n)
28 Execution (n) Eksekusi (n) 29 External (adj) Eksternal (adj)
30 Extreme (n) Ekstrem (n)
31 Energy (n) Energi (n)
32 Essay (n) Esai (n)
33 Fact (n) Fakta (n)
34 Phase (n) Fase (n)
35 Facilitator (n) Fasilitator (n)
36 Focus (n) Fokus (n)
37 Photo (n) Foto (n)
38 Helicopter (n) Helikopter (n)
39 Icon (n) Ikon (n)
40 Illegal (adj) Ilegal (adj)
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46 42 Indicator (n) Indikator (n)
43 Industry (n) Industri (n)
44 International (adj) Internasional (adj)
45 Jacket (n) Jaket (n)
46 Jeep (n) Jip (n)
47 Journal (n) Jurnal (n)
48 Cabin (n) Kabin (n)
49 Camera (n) Kamera (n)
50 Camp (n) Kamp (n)
51 Category (n) Kategori (n)
52 Code (n) Kode (n)
53 Colony (n) Koloni (n)
54 Corps (n) Korps (n)
55 Cream (n) Krim (n)
56 Crucial (adj) Krusial (adj)
57 License (n) Lisensi (n)
58 Maximal (adj) Maksimal (n)
59 Marathon (n) Maraton (n)
60 Microphone (n) Mikrofon (n) 61 National (adj) Nasional (adj)
62 Neutral (adj) Netral (n)
63 Object (n) Objek (n)
64 Operation (n) Operasi (n)
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47 66 Potential (adj) Potensial (adj)
67 Producer (n) Produser (n)
68 Protocol (n) Protokol (n)
69 Ratio (n) Rasio (n)
70 Rhetoric (n) Retorika (n)
71 Certificate (n) Sertifikat (n)
72 Symbol (n) Simbol (n)
73 System (n) Sistem (n)
74 Scenario (n) Skenario (n)
75 Special (adj) Spesial (n)
76 Station (n) Stasiun (n)
77 Study (n) Studi (n)
78 Survey (n) Survei (n)
79 Team (n) Tim (n)
80 Traditional (adj) Tradisional (adj)
81 Tragedy (n) Tragedi (n)
82 Urgent (n) Urgen (n)
83 Vacuum (adj) Vakum (adj)
84 Villa (n) Vila (n)
85 Vocal (adj) Vokal (adj)
Table 4.4: internal changes’ list 1. Akademik
The word “akademik” is an adjective which is borrowed from English adjective word “academic”. The word “academic” becomes “akademik”
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88 Indonesia adapts and how its word formation when foreign language is used in Bahasa Indonesia. The writing system and the pronunciation of foreign language are different from Bahasa Indonesia. This can be a new phenomenon in Bahasa Indonesia and can be analyzed by using morphemic analysis. In borrowing foreign words, Bahasa Indonesia absolutely has changed its writing system and pronunciation.
Based on the data that obtained from Kompas selected columns, there are at least 215 loanwords found in and they are categorized into two types of loanwords, spontaneous loanwords and incorporated loanwords. Then these loanwords are analyzed through some processes of morphemic analysis that explain about the change of word formation from English loanwords into Bahasa Indonesia.
After analyzing the morphemic processes that occur in the word formation of English loanwords into Bahasa Indonesia, about 50 words out of 215 loanwords are categorized into morphemic process of affixation, 85 words out of 215 loanwords are categorized into morphemic process of internal change, 65 words out of 215 loanwords are categorized into morphemic process of conversiona or zero derivation, and 15 words out of 215 loanwords are categorized into morphemic process of derivational.
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89 CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION 5.1.Conclusion
After analyzing the data that obtained from written text in Kompas daily newspaper from April 23rd up to April 30th 2015, it can be concluded that:
The data which are taken from some articles in selected column contain at least 215 occurrences of English loanwords which have been categorized into two types of loanwords. The result poses as 65 words are categorized into spontaneous loanwords and 150 words are categorized into incorporated loanwords.
Based on 215 loanwords that obtained from Kompas selected columns, there are only four processes of morphemic analysis that occur in the word formation of English loanwords into Bahasa Indonesia. There are about 50 words out of 215 loanwords are categorized into morphemic process of affixation adjustment, 85 words out of 215 loanwords are categorized into morphemic process of internal changes, 65 words out of 215 loanwords are categorized into morphemic process of conversion or zero derivation, and 15 words out of 215 loanwords are categorized into morphemic process of derivational.
5.2.Suggestion
Morphology is a wide composing part of a language science. It has also grown rapidly through the language formation and structure in this recent decade. The development of language formation and structure also are influenced by the source of language and the development of using language itself. Bahasa Indonesia nowadays has borrowed words from many languages that have had some adjustments and adaptations in its writing system, pronunciation, or even meaning. The
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90 adjustment and adaptation of other languages into Bahasa Indonesia have brought many changes in its word formation and structure of language.
Morphemic analysis is one of process in morphology that discusses further about how exactly the word formation in a language. This analysis can be applied in every language even in a language that borrows foreign language and then adopts that language. By using this analysis, it is easy for people to know about the word formation and the changes in a language, especially the changes of loanwords in Bahasa Indonesia.
Furthermore, for those who are interested in morphology especially in morphemic analysis, this thesis can be used for studying and researching the changes of word formation. It is also possible to do much deeper research about morphemic analysis. This can help people who still learn and study morphemic processes.
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