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Concept of Vowel Concepts

without any obstruction of air, and, b Phonologically, vowels usually occupy the centre of a syllable”.

2.2.4 Concept of Consonant

According to Oxford Dictionaries, consonant means “A basic speech sound in which the breath is at least partly obstructed and which can be combined with a vowel to form a syllable ”. Peter 2011: 31, in his book entitled A Manual of English Phonetics and Phonology stated that consonants are sounds that are produced by an obstruction of an air-stream either in the pharynx or in the vocal tract.

2.3 Theoretical Framework

This research is based on several theories in linguistics. First, theory proposed by Roach 1984 15-39 about vowels and consonants in his book entitled English phonetics and Phonology. This theory is applied to solve the first problem. Theory by Corder 1967: 217 about the difference between mistake and error is applied to support the first theory. Second, Theory by Richards 1974: 174 about types and causes of error in his book entitled Error Analysis: Perspective of Second Language Acquisition is applied to solve the second problem.

2.3.1 Phonetics and Phonology

According to Roach 1984: 1 phonetics and phonology are learning about speech sounds and how they used special symbol in any word. It is important to learn English phonological system. Several people use special symbol to present speech sound. 2.3.1.1 English Vowel In producing vowels; there is no obstruction of an air flow as it passes from the larynx into the lips. According to Roach 1984: 10 there are twelve sounds in English vowel that are ɪ, e, æ, ʌ, , ʊ, ə, i:, :, :, ɔ:, and u:. Roach 1984: 15 also divide the twelve vowel sounds into two parts; there are short vowel sounds and long vowel sounds. 2.3.1.1.1 Short Vowels 1. A mid-close front-central vowel The part of the tongue between the front and the centre is raised to just above mid-close position, and the lips are slightly spread. The phoneme symbol ɪ. fish fɪʃ. 2. A mid front vowel The front of the tongue is raised between mid-close and mid-open position, and the lips are slightly spread. The phoneme symbol e. egg eg

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