11 2.2.1.7.
Direct comment Usually the author gives his comment and description explicitly towards his
characters in the story. There is no medium that the author used to characterize a character. Thus, the reader can easily understand the personality of a character
from the author’s direct comments in a novel. 2.2.1.8.
Thoughts The author may give the readers direct knowledge of what a person is
thinking about. Here, the author can tell the readers what different people are thinking.
2.2.1.9. Mannerism
The author can describe a person’s mannerism or habits both positive and negative one, which may also tell the readers something about his character.
2.2.2. Psychosynthesis
Roberto Assagioli, an Italian psychiatrist, is known as the father of psychosynthesis. Assagioli first studied psychoanalysis from Sigmun Freud. In
1965, Assagioli proposed a model of a person that is different from Freud’s and C.G. Jung’s. Assagioli names the model Psychosynthesis. The important
difference is that Assagioli emphasize that soul or spiritual aspect is a reality within self. Meanwhile, Jung believed that spiritual aspect was subjective.
Assagioli’s theory was rejected by many psychiatrists. However, 40 years after he proposed the theory, psychosynthesis becomes inspiration to many psychiatrists.
After his death in 1974, Assagioli’s manuscripts are studied and developed. Some of the latest books that explain psychosynthesis are produced based on the
12 manuscripts. They are The Primal Wound 1997 and Psychosynthesis 2002 both
by John Firman and Ann Gila. Roberto Assagioli states that psychosynthesis is constructive.
Psychosynthesis discusses not only basic internal aspects, but also all aspects of human being. The theory of Psychosynthesis by Roberto Assagioli contains the
theory of personality and needs that are affected by human’s relationship with the environment. Furthermore, Assagioli provides the basic of psychosynthesis
theory. The first is the psychosynthesis model of a person and the second is the stages of psychosynthesis as cited in Firman and Gila, 2002, pp. 19-65.
2.2.2.1. The Psychosynthesis Model of a Person
Figure 1
Higher Unconscious
Middle Unconscious
Lower Unconscious
Assagioli provides his psychosynthesis model of the person as seen in figure 1. Since this model is established to develop a better understanding of a human
being, this model consists of the “I”, the higher unconsciousness, the middle unconsciousness, and the lower unconsciousness.
“I
Field of Consciousness and Will
