17 learners will have already worked with the language and processed it on meaning,
therefore they are already to focus on the specific language form that carries the meaning.
This phase is divided into analysis and practice activities. In analysis activity, the students examine and discuss specific features of the text or transcript
of the recording. In practice activity, the teacher conducts practice of new words, phrases, and pattern occurring in the data, either during or after analysis.
d. Task Varieties
Task-based language teaching has many varieties of task Willis, 1996, p. 23. There are six types of task as follows:
1 Listing
Listing task tends to generate a lot of talk as learners explain their ideas. It involves two processes namely, brainstorming and fact-finding. Brainstorming is
the process in which the learners draw on their own knowledge and experience either as a class or in pairsgroups. Fact-finding is a process in which the learners
find things out by asking each other or other people and referring to books, etc. 2
Ordering and Sorting These tasks involve four main processes. The first is sequencing items,
actions or events in a logical or chronological order. Second is ranking items according to personal values or specified criteria. Third is categorizing items in
given groups or grouping them under given headings. Fourth, classifying items in different ways, where the categories themselves are not given.
18 3
Comparing These tasks involve comparing information of a similar nature but from
different sources or version in order to identify common points andor differences. The processes involved are matching to identify specific points and relate them to
each other, finding similarities and things in common, and finding differences. 4
Problem Solving Problem-solving tasks make demands upon people’s intellectual and
reasoning powers, and, though challenging, they are engaging and often satisfying to solve. The processes and time scale will vary enormously depending on the
type and complexity of the problem. 5
Sharing Personal Experiences These tasks encourage learners to talk more freely about themselves and
share their experiences with others. The processes could be narrating, describing, exploring and explaining attitudes, opinions, and reactions. other tasks.
6 Creative Tasks
These are often called projects and involve pairs or groups of learners in some kind of freer creative work. They tend to have more stages than other tasks
and can involve combinations of task types: listing, ordering and sorting, comparing and problem solving.
e. Task Component
