15 language and it is one of the language skills Harmer, 2005,p. 275. The following
part will talk further about the nature of speaking, determining purpose and idea in speaking, organizing speech, and teaching speaking skill.
2.1.2.1 The Nature of Speaking
Speaking is the skill which cannot be separated from other skills namely reading, writing, and listening. Those skills are divided into written and spoken
skills. Reading and writing belong to written skill while listening and speaking belong to spoken skill. Meanwhile, speaking is productive skill and it has a close
relation with listening skill. Speaking in this study is the major skill which will be researched. Speaking is able to deliver speech with a certain idea to other people
and it may be planned or unplanned. According to Luoma 2004, there are some features of spoken discourse:
- Arranged in the central idea
- May be planned e.g., a lecture or unplanned e.g., aconversation
- Employs more vague or generic words than written language
- Employs fixed phrases, fillers, and hesitation markers
- Contains slips and errors reflecting online processing
- Involves reciprocity i.e., interactions are jointly constructed
- Shows variation e.g., between formal and casual speech,
- reflecting speaker roles, speaking purpose, and the context as cited in
Richards, 2008, p. 19
16 While Harmer 2005: 269 add some language features of speaking.
Those language features of speaking are: 1.
Connected speech: speakers of English should be able to produce fluent connected speech. For example: in speaking, people might say
I’d’ve gone rather than I would have gone. 2.
Expressive devices: native speakers of English make variations in speaking, namely changing the pitch and stress of particular parts of
utterances, varying volume and speeed, and showing by other phsyical and non-verbal means how they feel.
3. Lexis and grammar: Spontaneous speech is signed by the use of a
certain number of common lexical phrases in the performance of certain language functions.
4. Negotiation language: effective speaking has advantages from the
negotiatory language that people use to get the clarification and show the structure of what people are saying.
Knowing the language features and the spoken discourse of speaking are important. The researcher can use the information related to the language features
and the spoken discourse of speaking to know the characteristics of the students’ speaking. It can be believed that every student has different language features and
spoken discourse.
17 Besides the language features, speaking has some basic types. Brown,
2004, p. 141 mentions that there are five basic types of speaking. The basic types of speaking are:
1. Imitative: The focus of this type is that students are able to repeat a
word or a phrase or possibly a sentence that is read by the teacher. This type is usually used in “pronunciation” class.
2. Intensive: The focus of this type is the production of short stretches of
oral form of language. The examples are directed response tasks, reading aloud, sentence and dialogue completion, translation up to the
simple sentence level. 3.
Responsive: This type includes the interaction and test comprehension in the basic level of short conversations, namely, greetings, simple
requests, giving and asking something. 4.
Interactive: This type is similar to responsive type. The difference is only on the length and the complexity of the interaction. In this type,
the interaction is longer and more complex than responsive. The interaction includes transactional conversations.
5. Extensive monologue: This this the last basic type of speaking. In
this type, the focus is on the extensive oral production tasks of speeches, namely, oral presentations and storytelling. The interaction
between the listeners and speakers are highly limited because the speakers dominantly speak most of the time. In this study, this type
will be used as the main type of speaking since this study focuses on
18 the organization of idea in speaking. The extensive monologue type
is the type which is used as the speaking activity. The students use monologue type as the speaking activity through the help of mind
mapping.
2.1.2.2 Determining the Purpose and the Ideas in Speaking
