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CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter contains six parts. They are the theory of psychological approach to literature, the theory of motivation, theory of human needs, theory of
emotion, relationship of emotion and motivation, and theoretical framework. The theory of psychological approach to literature involves the effort to locate and
demonstrate certain recurrent patterns. Theory of motivation explains the approaches in studying motivation and the psychological aspects of human related
to the character’s motivation in the novel. Theory of human needs explains the needs that force human beings to strive for their goals until the goals are achieved.
Next part is theory of emotion. The theoy of emotion involves someone’s emotion to support his or her motivation in achieving his or her goals. In this part also
provides the relationship of emotion and motivation in order to know the influence of someone’s emotion towards his or her motivation. The last is the
theoretical framework in which the writer reveals the application of the theory to answer the research questions stated in the problem formulation.
2.1 The Psychological Approach to Literature
The writer applies The Psychological Approach in order to discuss the research question in the problem formulation. This approach involves the effort to
locate and demonstrate certain recurrent patterns. Unlike the mythpoeic, the psychological approach draws on a different body of knowledge.
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8 The theories and practices of Sigmund Freud 1972 provide the
foundation for psychoanalytic criticism. He believes that the work of literature is the external expression of the author’s unconcious mind. The literary works must
be treated like a dream, applying psychoanalytic techniques to the text to uncover the author’s hidden motivation and repressed desire p. 149-153.
According to Freud, an author’s chief motivation for writing any story is to gratify some secret desire; some forbidden wish that probably developed during
the time the author was suppressed and dumped in the unconcious. Bressler 1974 said that by using Freud’s psychoanalytic techniques as they are used in
dream therapy, psychoanalytic critics believe the reader can unlock the hidden meaning contained within the story. Then the reader can have an accurate
interpretation of the text p. 159-160. Basically, psychoanalytic criticism deals with a work literature primarily
as an expression, in fictional form, of the state of mind and the structure of the personality of the individual author. According to Murphy 1972, the work of
literature is correlated with its author’s distinctive mental and emotional traits: 1 reference to author’s personality in order to explain and interpret a literary work;
2 reference to literary works in order to establish, biographically, the personality of the author; 3 the mode of reading a literary work specifically as a way of
experiencing the distinctive subjectivity, or unconciousness, of its author p. 263. According to Welleck 1968, psychology and literature is the
psychological study of the writer, as type and as individual, or the study of creative process, or the study of the psychological types and laws present within
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9 works of literature. It is also the study in the literature effect upon its readers
p.81. Psychology obviously can illuminate the creative process. Welleck added
that for some concious artist, psychology may have tightened their sense of reality, sharpened their power of observation or allowed them to fall into hitherto
undiscovered pattern. Psychology helps to uncover the author’s do with the literary works p. 90-93.
One important concept of psychological analysis is relative deprivation. This concept refers to feelings of dissatisfaction that arise from comparisons of
one’s own situation with that of certain other persons, usually similar to oneself in some relevant way. It relates with the psychological ingredient in activating the
powerless to try to acquire greater control over outcomes affecting them.
2.2 Theory of Motivation
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