9 works of literature. It is also the study in the literature effect upon its readers
p.81. Psychology obviously can illuminate the creative process. Welleck added
that for some concious artist, psychology may have tightened their sense of reality, sharpened their power of observation or allowed them to fall into hitherto
undiscovered pattern. Psychology helps to uncover the author’s do with the literary works p. 90-93.
One important concept of psychological analysis is relative deprivation. This concept refers to feelings of dissatisfaction that arise from comparisons of
one’s own situation with that of certain other persons, usually similar to oneself in some relevant way. It relates with the psychological ingredient in activating the
powerless to try to acquire greater control over outcomes affecting them.
2.2 Theory of Motivation
In general, when we speak of motives, we are referring to the causes or reasons that underlie a given behavior. The essential features of motivated
behavior is purposive or goal-directed. The individual holds expectancies, formed probably through past learning experiences, that specific behaviors will lead to the
attainment of certain desired incentives. The concept of motivation also implies that energy is involved to activate the individual to a level that enables the
performance of the appropriate behavior. Motivation also involves the persistence of behavior over time so that sustained effort can occur even if obstacles occur.
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10 Minfong Ho’s novel Rice without Rain reveals Jinda’s motivation as a
Thailand women to show her struggle against the land-rent system. This part will describe the meaning of motivation based on theories proposed by psychologist.
Basically, a motive is an internal factor that arouses, directs, and integrates a person’s behavior. According to Steers and Porter 1991 in their book
Motivation and work behavior 5
th
ed., “motivation is a force that serves three functions: it energizes or causes people to act, it directs behavior toward the
attainment of specific goals, and it sustains the effort expended in reaching those goals” p. 24. Other psychologist, Murray 1964, in his book Motivation and
Emotion states: Motivation is distinguished from other factors that also influence behavior,
such as the past experience of the person, his physical capabilities, and the environmental situation in which he finds himself, although these other
factors may influence motivation p. 7.
Some psychologists add that motivation must be able to include terms such as desires, wishes, plans, goals, intents, impulses, and purposes. This is
sometimes called want. In general, when we speak of motives we are referring to the causes or reasons that underlie a given behavior.
There are two important components of motivation. First, the term drive that refers to the internal process that goads a person into action. It is usually
called as intrinsic motivation. The intrinsic motivation refers to factors that make certain activities rewarding in and of them. Almost anything could potentionally
be intrinsically motivating for some individuals. Second, a motive is usually terminated by reaching a goal, obtaining a reward or reinforcement situation.
Extrinsic reward is commonly called extrinsic motivation. The concept of intrinsic
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11 motivation is defined as the value or pleasure associated with an activity as
opposed to the goal toward which the activity is directed while the extrinsic motivation emphasizes the external goals toward which the activity is directed. It
is possible for two kinds of motivation interact such that extrinsic motivation reduce the degree of intrisic motivation for a task.
Beck 1978 in his book Motivation Theories and Principles states that there should be an interaction of intrinsic element and external rewards. If the
individual sees himself as the causal factor for desirable outcomes, then the behavior producing those outcomes is intrisically motivating and desirable. On the
other hand, if the individual sees his rewards as being dependent on someone else, the activity necessary to get those rewards will be intrisically motivating p. 145.
Motivation theories start with the assumption that there is a cause for every behavior. The goal is to identify the causes. Psychologists distinguish between
approach causes and avoidant causes. In approach behavior, people do things because of something they want, desire, or need. In avoidant behavior, people do
things to avoid something. All behavior represents an attempt to adapt to the environment. Social interaction with others is one factor
which construct in motivation. Some theories have also pointed out that we are socially motivated.
Petry 1981 in his book Motivation: Theory and Research states that social situation have a large influence on our behavior because the presence of others
alters our motivation p. 259.
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12
2.3 Theory of Human Needs
