15 There are still the other needs that people may have to achieve. Based on
Nine Needs Material adapted from various workshops by psychologists Jose Lena Stevens, Pivotal Resources and JP Van Hulle, Michael Education
Foundation, it is clearly stated that there are nine needs that people may have to achieve. Jose and Lena Stevens 1997 stated:
The nine needs are the needs of security, adventure, freedom, exchange, power, expansion, acceptance, community, and expression.
Security is the need to feel safe, to feel assured that they know what is going to happen, to
know ahead of time what the plans are. The second is the need of adventure. Adventure is the need for an adrenaline rush, to have new
experiences, to travel, to have big experiences, to have drama in their life, to have a sense of anticipation about upcoming events. Next is the need of
freedom. Freedom is the need of independence and spontaneity. It is also the need to have choices and to feel in control of making those choices.
The need of exchange is the need to trade information and knowledge with others, not just to combine or socialize, but to deliver and receive
something of value. Then, need of power. People with a need for power need to be in a position of authority and responsibility. They need to
explore power, leadership and accomplishment. Expansion is the need to build something, to add onto, to create an empire, to expand horizons, to
go where no one has gone before. Next is the need of acceptance. Acceptance is the need to accept yourself and be accepted by others. This
includes a feeling of belonging. The next need is the need of community. People with a need of community like to have people around. They are
highly social and will express their enjoyment of gatherings. The last need is the need of expression. Expression is the need to be artistic, to be seen,
to be heard, to be felt. It is the need to express oneself through words, speech, actions, dress, art and self-creations of all types
http:www.itstime.comjun97.htm.
2.4 Theory of Emotion
Through this theory, the writer can analyze the influence of land-rent system towards Jinda’s emotion and also its effects towards her motivation to
struggle against poverty. In this study, the writer presents the theory of emotion
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16 proposed by Jung, Arnold, Leeper, Lazarus, Kleinginna and Kleinginna, and also
Worchel and Shebilske. The theory of emotion proposed by Jung 1978, states that emotion is a
category of feeling, which includes fear, anger, hate, as well as pleasure, humor, joy, excitement, and boredom p. 4.
According to Arnold 1960, as stated in Murray’s book Motivation and Emotion, says that most of the emphasis has been on the second half on the
sequence emotion, expression, action; and not enough on the initial perception p. 50. An important feature of Arnold’s theory is that emotion is defined in a
motivational sense. This is very close to McDougall’s theory in which each motive is thought to be accompanied by a characteristic emotion.
Another psychologist, Leeper 1970 as stated in Murray’s book, believes that emotions organize and direct behavior just as motives do p. 63. Just the
same with Leeper, Lazarus 1970 also has reviewed on the effects of emotional stress on task performance. Stress was introduced by arranging the test situations
so that the subject failed or by complicating the task so that the subject was distracted p. 64.
Paul Kleinginna and Anne Kleinginna 1981 have proposed a definition on emotions. According to them, emotions occur as a result of an interaction
between subjective factors, environmental factors, and neutral and hormonal processes. Emotional reactions can be aroused innately by a number of situations,
for example fear by a loud noise and anger by frustration p. 239.
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17 As Worchel and Shebilske 1989 pointed out that the first step in
experiencing emotions is appraising judging or interpreting the situation. It determines whether we view the situation as threatening or nonthreatening, and it
also determines our response to the situation p. 373-377. Emotions, proposed by some psychologists above, can be underlined that
the major focus of emotion theory is on how people can learn to develop emotions that sustain goal-directed behavior and to neutralize or deflect emotions that tend
to undermine goal-directed behavior. From some theories of some psychologists above, the writer prefer to use the theory of emotion proposed by Jung supported
with theories by Leeper, Lazarus, and Worchel and Shebilske in order to analyze the influence of Jinda’s emotion toward her motivation.
2.5 Relationship of Emotion and Motivation
