Theory of Human Needs

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2.3 Theory of Human Needs

All human behavior is motivated by some needs. The needs highly influence human beings to behave in a certain way and to make decisions in accordance with goals. The needs force human beings to strive for their goals until the goals are achieved. In relation to this study, the writer thinks that it is crucial to employ the theory of human needs to find out what motivates Jinda in struggling against poverty and in addition to explain Jinda needs that motivate her. Need theory grew out of the idea that the energy, direction, and persistence of behavior are due to the existence of needs. One of the most ambitious attempts to explain need theory of motivation is Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. Maslow’s theory is based on the belief that we all have numerous needs that compete for expression. He argues that the basic physichological needs are associated with deficiency and higher-order needs with growth. In Maslow’s view 1990, needs can be grouped in categories, which are arranged in a eight-level hierarchical of needs with basic biological and physiological needs at the bottom and transcendence at the top. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 13 taken from http:pcm.memaslows-hierarchy-of-needsAbraham Maslows Hierarchy of Needs motivational model.html Chapman 2001 stated that Maslow overstated the imortance of sequentially working one’s way up the pyramid. Although we fulfill basic needs first when possible, if circumtances allow only partial satisfaction, we can still go on to pursue higher level needs http:pcm.memaslows-hierarchy-of- needsAbraham Maslows Hierarchy of Needs motivational model.html. Rogers quoted in Franken’s book, Human Motivation discusses the growth motivation in relation to the fully functioning individual, while Maslow uses the term transcendence to describe the motivation to help others to self actualize. Related to the environment, the psychologist uses growth motivation as PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 14 the major construct the motivation. It is called effectance motivation by some and personal causation by others p. 13. McClellands 1985, in his book Human Motivation states: Theory sometimes referred to as the three need theory or as the learned needs theory, categorizes the needs as follows: 1 the need for affiliation, 2 the need for power, and 3 the need for achievement. A person’s needs are influenced by their cultural background and life experiences. The majority of these needs can be classified as the needs for affiliation, achievement or power p. 223. According to McClelland, a person’s motivation and effectiveness can be increased through an environment, which provides them with their ideal mix of each of the three needs. First is the need for affiliation. This is the need for friendly relationships and human interaction. There is a need “to feel liked” and “accepted” by others. Next is the need for power. This is the need to lead others and make an impact. This need can exhibit itself in two ways. The first which is the need for personal power may be viewed as undesirable as the person simply needs to feel that they have “power over others”. The second type of “need for power” is the need for institutional power. People with the need for institutional power; want to direct the efforts of their team, to further the objectives of their organization. The last need of human needs is the need for achievement. This is the need to achieve, excel and succeed. A person with this type of need will set goals that are challenging but realistic. The goals have to be challenging so that the person can feel a sense of achievement. McClelland believed that people with a strong need for achievement, make the best leaders for a variety of reasons including setting goals, reviewing progress and continuously looking at how things can be done better. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 15 There are still the other needs that people may have to achieve. Based on Nine Needs Material adapted from various workshops by psychologists Jose Lena Stevens, Pivotal Resources and JP Van Hulle, Michael Education Foundation, it is clearly stated that there are nine needs that people may have to achieve. Jose and Lena Stevens 1997 stated: The nine needs are the needs of security, adventure, freedom, exchange, power, expansion, acceptance, community, and expression. Security is the need to feel safe, to feel assured that they know what is going to happen, to know ahead of time what the plans are. The second is the need of adventure. Adventure is the need for an adrenaline rush, to have new experiences, to travel, to have big experiences, to have drama in their life, to have a sense of anticipation about upcoming events. Next is the need of freedom. Freedom is the need of independence and spontaneity. It is also the need to have choices and to feel in control of making those choices. The need of exchange is the need to trade information and knowledge with others, not just to combine or socialize, but to deliver and receive something of value. Then, need of power. People with a need for power need to be in a position of authority and responsibility. They need to explore power, leadership and accomplishment. Expansion is the need to build something, to add onto, to create an empire, to expand horizons, to go where no one has gone before. Next is the need of acceptance. Acceptance is the need to accept yourself and be accepted by others. This includes a feeling of belonging. The next need is the need of community. People with a need of community like to have people around. They are highly social and will express their enjoyment of gatherings. The last need is the need of expression. Expression is the need to be artistic, to be seen, to be heard, to be felt. It is the need to express oneself through words, speech, actions, dress, art and self-creations of all types http:www.itstime.comjun97.htm.

2.4 Theory of Emotion