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CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter cover about learning in class and learning out of class, online discussion, the concept of IT on education, the previous participant in online class,
and previous study.
A. Participation
Participation is action distribution of the mind in donation ideas, opinions or thoughts constructively, either to develop programs or to facilitate the
implementation of the program. Davis defines that participation is a persons mental and emotional engagement to achievement of goals and take the
responsibility.
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From the definition, Davis separates the elements containing in participation are:
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1. The involvement of learners in all activities carried out in the learning process.
2. The willingness of students to respond and be creative in the activities carried out in the learning process.
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Strategic performance empowerment model: Empowerment in Organizations: Vol 6, No 2, pp. 57–65, http:www.emeraldinsight.comdoiabs10.110814634449810210742, accessed 30 Mar 2016.
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In many online courses, online discussion interplays the basis of interaction and participation. Therefore, online user has to know how to
position the participant well. The following guidelines are for participation program success:
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1. Let workers progress from involvement on simple issues to more complex ones.
2. Communicate in advance their areas of decisional freedom and the associated boundaries.
3. Don’t force workers to participate if they do not wish to do so. 4. Provide counseling for supervisors so that they know how to handle power
sharing. 5. Set realistic goals for the early stages of any participative process.
6. Keep the guiding philosophy behind participation firmly in mind at all times. 7. Never attempt to manipulate a decision under the guise of participation.
8. Maintain a delicate balance between over participation and under participation.
9. Monitor employee perceptions of the level of empowerment experienced.
B. Learning in class and learning out-of class
1. Learning
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Empowerment and participation, http:nptel.ac.incourses110105034SM_WebCh17modified.pdf, accessed 10 Jan 2016.
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Based on OXFORD dictionary “learning” originates from verb “learn” which has meaning “gain knowledge or skill in a subject or
activity”.
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In other hand, Business Dictionary says that learning is measurable and relatively permanent change in behavior through
experience, instruction, or study. It means learning is a process to repair in behavior to avoid the bad experiences that happen in last.
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“By learning, we do not mean just book learning, or classroom learning, or
even e-learning. We see learning as an integral part of life. Sometimes it demands an effort; sometimes it is not even our goal. But it always
involves who we are, what we do, who we seek to connect with, and we aspire to become.
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There are some factors that usually come along in the learners’ mind;
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1. Anxiety. Most of potential learners are anxious
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“learning”, OXFORD, p. 74.
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What is learning? definition and meaning, http:www.businessdictionary.comdefinitionlearning.html, accessed 21 Mar 2016.
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Digital Habitats: Stewarding Technology for Communities: Etienne Wenger, Nancy White, John D. Smith: 9780982503607: Amazon.com: Books, p. 4, https:www.amazon.comDigital-Habitats-
Stewarding-Technology-Communitiesdp0982503601reader_0982503601, accessed 11 Aug 2016.
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Jenny Rogers, Adults learning Maidenhead; New York: Open University Press, 2007, pp. 7–10, http:www.dawsonera.comdeppreaderprotectedexternalAbstractViewS9780335235018, accessed
18 Aug 2016.
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2. Memories of school There are several possible experiences either positive or negative that
influences learner in distribution themselves. 3. Challenge to believe
Another possible explanation is that potential conflict is involved when an adult comes forward for learning.
The different of passive teaching methods and participatory teaching methods influence the way of students’ learning.
2. Definition of learning class
