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forward to attain what they have dreamed of. Then, it was the progressing in the 1960s though almost all sectors life, as stated by Ratna 2005:227
Furthermore, Mujianto 2010:100 generally mentioned that feminist movement was divided into three waves, whilst Ratna 2005:227 divided it into three
phases. Firstly, in the first wave, the spirit of feminism could be seen in the 18
th
century, definitely in the 1960s. She said that it was the first phase that called emancipation, from the Latin word that is emancipate, which means struggling for
rights. The second wave is the next decade after the 1960s. In this term, feminism
was getting advanced and got extraordinary responses from the society. It is the second phase which included gender issues. The struggle was related to the
degradation of women that is caused by the structure of social and culture. Gamble 2006:94 one of the major issues of the second feminist movement of the
1970s was how women were represented negatively as stereotypes and objects of the male gaze in the visual conventions of both high art and popular culture.
The last is one of the third waves Post Feminist. Gamble 2006:310 stated that the third wave feminism is characterizes by a desire to redress
economic and racial inequality as well as women issues. It appeared with legalization and actualization that are getting into reality. In this period, the odds
between men and women are gradually vanished.
2.1.2 Definition of Feminism
Adopting Freud’s proposition, Lacan 1998:118 considered that the existence of women are incomplete la femme n’ est pas toute. Therefore, here
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the theory feminism appears to defense women’s right and equality in many ways of life.
The word feminism is derived from the word femme, which means female. Based on Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary 1995:428, feminism is a
movement that women want to achieve the same rights and opportunities as men. Therefore, from that explanation, feminism can be defined as a modern theory
which concerns with women issues to against the dominancy of patriarchy, inequality and discrimination in social life. Gamble 2006:3 stated that the term
‘patriarchal’ refers to power relations in which women’s interests are subordinated to the interests of men.
Furthermore, the person who concerns in criticizing discrimination or issues related to women can be called feminist. As stated by Mujianto 2010:101
any person who is aware of the presence of unfairness or discrimination that is experienced by women because of their sex, and has willingness to stop those
phenomena, basically can be called feminist. Ratna 2005:226 explained that feminist offer concepts and theories that
are related to the analysis of women. she argued that the relation between cultural studies of feminism and gender appear as the effect of women’s existence that is
subordinated by culture. These phenomena occur because for years people had been influences by stereotypes that are rooted in the society.
2.1.3 The Specialization of Feminism
The theory feminism is getting advanced in some countries. It gives influences to human thought in seeing social issues and women issues
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particularly. The branch of this though has grown to be more specific, like Marxist, radical, liberal and socialist. The following are brief explanations about
feminism that has been specified into four branches, they are: 1. Liberal Feminism
Gamble 2006:239 stated that the term liberal feminism is an unwieldy one. Because of it covers a wide range of opinions, but not all of them
compatible. It finds that sexism is the fundamental attitude that causes gender inequality in the society. But again, it concentrates only on the
most superficial forms of sexism, doing nothing to deconstruct the deeper ideological of formations which subordinate women to men.
2. Marxist Feminism
According to Gamble 2006:244 Marxism sees class division rather than gender as the root of women’s oppression. Meanwhile Farganis 2000:370
found Marxism feminism concentrates on gender relations within the class system in the capitalist society. He stated that the status of women is not
biologically determined, but the results from economic system of ownership and private property.
3. Radical Feminism
Radical feminist believe that male power is that the root of the social construction of gender. As stated by Farganis 2000:370 they believe that
patriarchy is all pervasive in our culture. It gives influences in our social
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institution and violence, such as kinds of abuses to women, and such as beauty standards, and emotional harassment.
4. Socialist Feminism
The social feminism is the combination between Marxian and radical feminism. This theory is focused on capitalist patriarchy and study the
domination in a widely context, including race class and gender as stated Fargani 2000:370. Here, the socialist feminism offers a unitary theory,
including racial, ethnic and individual differences.
2.1.4 The Role of Feminism
