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Based on the quotations from the three critics, that Plot is a story’s sequence of incidents, arranged in dramatic order which is different from the story
line. It is arranged from the most important element among other elements of events to achieve an intended effect.
2.4 Setting
Shaw 1972:247 says that setting is the environment or surrounding of anything. The term is usually applied in literature to the local or period in which
the action of a play, novel, motion picture, etc. takes place in theatrical jargon. Setting may also refer to scenery or properties.
Gwynn 2002:17 says that setting is simply the time and the place of a story, and in most cases the details of descriptions are given to the reader directly
by the narrator. Description to place important to give the impression to the readers and make them knows where the story takes place. From the study of the
setting would be known the extent of conformity and correlation between behavior and temperament with the community leaders, social situation, and
opinion of society. Taylor 1981:69 says, “Setting is the major factor in the formulation of
subject matter and a direct influence on the expression of theme. As in the case of the other factors, however, setting needs not to be realistic, nor, in fact, even
physical. Historical time past, present or future is very effective for certain narratives and an accurate geographical location advisable, but it is also possible
to set a fiction in some vague undetermined time, omitting historical references altogether in order to achieve a sense of timelessness and universality.
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Based on the three quotations, setting means the time, place, and social reality within which a story takes place. We have no understand where we are, in
which period of time in which society and at which level in that society if we are to intreprate correctly the other element in the story.
There are three elements of the novel such as Character, Plot, Setting that can show the data about how James Barr could be the suspect as the shooter? And
what did Jack Reacher do to find the true shooter?
2.5 Intrinsic Approach
Welleck and Warren 1977:157 say that the research literature on the interpretation and analysis of literary works itself. In the 19
th
century popular literature research is research on an explanation of the origin and poetical
literature in the 19
th
century moved to the tastes of readers. In this case, the art should be and can be enjoyed. Old methods describe again in the terms of modern
methods such as rhetoric, classic, poetic, and dimension. Methods of the explication texts have been widely introduced in France based on a survey of
literary forms. The Germans developed a formal analysis and look for parallels between art and art history and history of art pioneered by Walzel. IA Richard’s
followers in the UK began to focus on poetry text. A group of critics in America began trying to restore a major concern in the study of literature. And a number of
studies also emphasize the difference between drama and life and tend to combine drama with empirical reality to which it refers. The conclusion of Welleck and
Warren is analysis based on the text itself.
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2.6 Descriptive Research
