harmonious involvement of all the parts to the whole and with pointing out how meaning is derived from structure and how matters of technique determine
structure; biographical approach that attempts to learn as much as we can about the life and development of the author and to apply this knowledge in our attempt
to understand his writings; socio-cultural-historical approach which insist that the only way to locate the real work is in reference to the civilization that produced it;
mythopoeic approach that seek to discover certain universally recurrent patterns of human thought, which they believe to have an expression in significant works
of art; psychological approach that involves the effort to locate and demonstrate certain recurrent patterns. It draws on a different body of knowledge most often
on that offered by Sigmund Freud and his followers. The five approaches described above have their values and their
limitations. It seems likely to the authors that no single approach will serve for every piece of literature. Each of those have their proper insights to give and part
of the task of the critic and the reader of literature is to find the approach or approaches that will best lead to adjust appreciation of a particular work of
literature 15. This thesis uses psychological approach to analyze the alteration of emotion in the novel.
C. PSYCHOANALYSIS
According to http:en.wikipedia.orgwikiPsychoanalysis, Psychoanalysis is a body of ideas developed by Austrian Physician Sigmund Freud and his
followers, which is devoted to the study of human psychological functioning and PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
behavior. The theory of psychoanalysis from Sigmund Freud is used to analyze the characters’ unconscious drives that determine their behaviours. The human
personality which he divided into three parts- the ego, the superego, and the id-all residing within the mind of a man and often in conflict with one another develops
from infancy through childhood until adolescence Rohrberger Woods, 1971: 14. In brief, Cloninger 2004: 37-40 explains the definition of personality
structure proposed by Sigmund Freud namely id, ego and super ego in the following sections:
1. Id
The first structure of personality is the id. This is the only structure of personality, which is present at birth and is unconscious. The id is the source of
psychic energy named libido, which is sexual. This energy becomes the motivation of all aspects of personality. There are two kinds of psychic energy,
namely eros refers to the life-instinct and thanatos refers to death instinct. Eros is a kind of libido that motivates maintenance of behaviours and love. Besides,
thanatos is a destructive force toward death. This instinct motivates all kinds of aggression, including war, murder, and suicide. Thus, it is known that all
personality functions are motivated by instinctive energy. At first, instinctive energy refers to biological needs. However, this energy
can be redirected into higher achievement, such as interpersonal relation and work. Moreover, the motivational quality of instinct corresponds to the instinctual
drive, which is high when the drive is not satisfied and falls when the need is met. Therefore, instinct functions based on pleasure principle that is to satisfy urges
that bring pleasure by reducing tension, immediately, and regardless to reality constraints.
As a result, an instinct needs desired object, person or thing. These objects help to satisfy the instinct. For example, the object of sexually aroused adult is a
sexual partner. However, the id function only based on primary process, which is primitive, is purely instinctive and not socialized. This instinctive impulse
consequent is dangerous or deadly. Sometimes, reality does not satisfy its force and people tend to instantly imagine the object, hallucinatory, to gratify his or her
needs. Overall, it can be concluded that the actions based on the id are basic
human instinct such as instinct of sexuality life-instinct, aggression death- instinct, and instant gratification. Therefore, if the id is the only part of
personality, an individual might seek pleasure and avoid discomfort in immediate and dangerously impulsive way.
2. Ego
The second structure of personality is the ego, which refers to the ‘self’ as a person. The ego has the ability in planning, controlling, reasoning, problem
solving, and understanding reality. Moreover, the ego operates in reality principle, which is secondary process that deals with real world. Therefore, the ego has to
release and direct the id’s instinctive energy in ways that are consistent with external environment. The ego is responsible in delaying gratification when
necessary, which function as secondary process. The id lies entirely in unconsciousness, whereas the ego lies in between conscious and preconscious.
Thus, the ego can ensure that the id can be expressed in an acceptable manner of the real world.
3. Superego
The superego is a set of ethical standards or rules for behavior. It has two parts; the conscience and the ego ideal. The conscience lists the thing that should
not be done in a social life, while the ego ideal lists the thing that should be done to obtain proud feelings. The superego functions as morality principle. As a result,
violating the rules may cause guilty feeling. In conclusion, the superego leads to perfection and is, therefore, unrealistic as the id.
Between the two extremes of superego and id lies ego, the balance of rationality. The ego must not only satisfy the id but also must not violate the
standards of the superego therefore the perfect action is accomplished. In brief, the key to healthy personality is a balance between the id, ego, and superego.
D. EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE
Emotional Intelligence consists of five basic emotional competencies Goleman, 1995: 43, or abilities, you can develop to use your emotions more
effectively. The first three, Emotional Self-Awareness, Emotional Self-Regulation and Emotional Self-Motivation, is the intrapersonal set of skills that deals with
managing our emotions. After that we could manage our relationship with others in the interpersonal skills that consists of empathy and nurturing relationship.
According to Byron Stock 2008: 7-8, in his book of EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE What It Is and Why It’s Important: a Preview of SMART
