36 eventually, and revising it to correct deficiencies found in the field-testing stage.
According to Borg and Gall 1983: 775, there are ten major steps in the R D cycle to develop the products. They are research and information collecting, planning,
developing preliminary form of product, preliminary field testing, main product revision, main field testing, operational product revision, operational field testing,
final product revision, dissemination and implementation. However the researcher applied only seven steps in this study. The steps are elaborated as follows:
1. Research and Information Collecting
Research and information collecting includes review of literature, classroom observations, and preparation of report of state of the art Borg and Gall, 1983: 775.
In this step, the researcher conducted needs analysis to gain information about the learners’ purposes and needs in learning English and their characteristics. It was done
through distributing questionnaire and conducting interview to kindergarten teachers and the head master of Sekolah Nasional Tiga Bahasa Budi Utama Yogyakarta.
2. Planning
Planning includes
defining skills, stating objectives determining course
sequence, and small scale feasibility testing. Those aspects would be involved in determining the goal and the topics to be designed based on the learners’ target needs.
The most important aspect of planning a research-based educational product is the statement of the objectives to be achieved by the product Borg and Gall, 1983:779.
Since the statement of the objectives has important role in developing instructional PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
37 material, the researcher formulated the goal, general purposes and learning objectives
based on the learners’ needs analysis and characteristics.
3. Development Preliminary Form of Product
The following step after completing the planning is developing preliminary form of product. This step includes preparation of instructional materials, handbooks,
and evaluation devices. In this step, the researcher designed the instructional material based on the information gathered about the learners to attain the goal and considered
the sequence of the content presented and types of follow up tasks and activities.
4. Product Verification
After developing the product, the verification process was needed. In this step, the researcher verified the materials that had been designed to the lecturer and
kindergarten teachers in that school by distributing questionnaire and conducting an interview with the head master. It aimed to display the designed materials and get
some feedback for better improvement.
5. Product Revision
