military coup headed by Daoud Khan his cousin. Daoud Khan abolished the monarchy. He declared himself as a president. Then the Republic of Afghanistan
was established. He was killed by the bloody communist coup in 1978. Taraki replaced Daoud Khan as the president. He ruled Afghanistan from 1978 to 1979.
Mujahideen movement was born during his government. Unfortunately, he was killed in 1979. Hafizullah Amin took the presidency in 1979, but then he was
killed in the same year. Mass killings happened in Afghanistan. The US ambassador was killed. He was replaced by Babrak Karmal. He ruled Afghanistan
from 1979 to 1986. In 1986, Dr. Najibulllah replaced Babrak Karmal as the president. The Mujahideen took Kabul. He was protected by UN. He was the
winner of an Islamic Jihad Council Elections. In 1994, Taliban militia was born and advanced rapidly against the Islamic government. As the result, Kabul was
reduced to rubble. In 1996 to 2001, Taliban Militia forced President Rabbani and his government to go out of Kabul. Then Taliban executed Najibullah
http:www.afghanistans.com Information HistoryDefault.htm.
2. The History of Soviet Occupation
As stated in Journal of International Women’s Studies, Afghanistan embarked on a modernizing journey with massive foreign aid and technical
assistance from the Soviet Union. By the late 1950’s, women became active to help Afghanistan achieve its targeted development goals. Women’s issues were
given some consideration. The Prime Minister Mohammad Daoud declared veiling. Women were expected to abandon the veil, marriage expenses were
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curtailed, and women were encouraged to contribute to the economy. The 1940’s and 1950’s women had the chance to work. They got chances to be nurses,
doctors and teachers. In 1964, the third Constitution allowed women to enter elected politics and
gave them the right to vote. In 1965, People’s Democratic Party of Afghanistan PDPA, a Soviet-backed socialist organization was formed. In the late 1970’s
there was a rise in women’s education, faculty in the universities. Hosseini also described the situation during Soviet Occupation. It is stated, “The government
had sponsored literacy classes for women. Almost two-third of the students at Kabul University were women now. Women were studying law, medicine,
engineering.” 121 Out of some 5 million children in Afghanistan went to schools throughout
the country and only 35 percent was girls. There are big regional differences in attendance levels. In major cities like Kabul, Herat, Mazar-e Sharif and
Badakshan, the situation is better. It is about 50 percent of girls going to schools http:www.afghan-web.comwomanencouragegirlsschool.html. In five Afghan
provinces, at least 90 percent of school-age girls are not attending school. These are the provinces in the south and on the border with Pakistan, where it is still a
tradition among families to keep their daughters from school. Girls are only allowed to go to mosques between five and eight years old to learn the holy book
of Koran. When they turn nine the age they are considered to be approaching puberty, they are not allowed to go out of their houses as parents believe that they
should not be seen by other men, meaning that they cannot go to school either.
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Again, the revolutionary pace of social change caused concern among the mullahs and tribal chiefs in the interiors. They viewed education, especially for
women, is going to against the tradition, anti-religious and a challenge to male authority. It caused the incidents of shooting of women in western clothes, killing
of PDPA reformers in the rural areas and general harassment of women social workers increased. As stated in an article, Girl Miss Out on Full Education, a
father of a school girl from northern Kunduz province did not send his daughter to go to higher education because he had a conservative society and the neighbors
might talk bad things about him because sending his daughter going to school. He stated that he did not let his daughter go to school because they had a conservative
society. If he let his daughter go to school, then his relatives and neighbors would say bad things about him. He maintained that girls should work in the family
home, and should not study or work outside the home. http:www.afghan- web.comwomangirlmisseducation.html. It is clearly seen that cultural
constraints affecting female education in Afghanistan. There was also a rise in women’s representatives in the Parliament. The
year 1978 saw the rise of power of the controversial PDPA. During the PDPA, rules that rapid social and economic change were implemented and mass literacy
for women and men of all ages was introduced. In October 1978 a decree was issued of ensuring equal rights for women. Minimum age of marriage was set at
16 for girls and 18 years for boys, but most of Afghan families still determine to whom a daughter should get married and when she should get married
http:www.afghan-web.comwomanforcedmarriges.html.
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Beginning with the Soviet occupation in December 1979, Afghanistan witnessed a decade long war. The Mujahedeen fought against the Soviets. They
were supported by external forces, funding, and political interests by the United States, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Pakistan and China. They were suspicious of the Soviet
socialist agenda to annihilate the traditional culture and religion of Afghanistan. It was a war in the name of Islam, emphasizing a reversal of all socialist policies
including those that guaranteed women liberties through education and employment.
3. The History of Mujahedeen Regime
