2. Critical Approach
In order to have a reasonable judgment about this study, it is very important to employ the critical approach so that I can get a better understanding
about the nature, the function and the benefit of the critical approach. As Rohrberger and Woods say in their book, literature is said to have an aesthetic
value. The aesthetic value brings to the aesthetic response in which the readers give an evaluative judgment to the work of literature 10. Rohrberger and Woods
think in order to have a reasonable judgment. We need to employ a means in which is called a critical approach 10. There are five approaches according to
Rohrberger and Wood: The first is formalist approach. This approach suggests us to deal with the
work itself. This approach focuses on the total integrity of literary work. It is not necessary to study about the author’s life, the social background, the
psychological aspects or any sources related to the works. It focuses almost entirely on its aesthetic value.
The second is biographical approach. It focuses on the ideas and personality of the author or the author’s life to have an understanding of literary
works. The biography of the author and the biographical provision itself provide useful information that can facilitate to a better understanding and appreciation of
works. Thus we must know the author’s life to understanding his writing better. The third is sociocultural-historical approach. It uses the sociocultural-
historical evidence to support the readers in analyzing a literary work. It insists that people cannot fully understand work without understanding of the society. In
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
other words, the only way to locate the real work is in reference to the civilization that produces it. People believe that social, cultural and historical background
cannot be separated from the literary work. History is also important in the literary work, because past event will determine the future. This approach will be used in
this study, since literature has a relationship with the environment and civilization where it has been produced. Civilization is the attitudes and actions of a specific
group of people and literature takes these attitudes and actions as its subject matter.
The fourth is mythopoeia approach. It deals with the ancient myths and folks rites to understand the literary works. This approach tries to find certain
recurrent patterns of human thought. It is considered sharing the same universal belief to a certain community.
The fifth is psychological approach. It emphasizes the use of psychology theories to analyze the personality and behavior patterns shown in the literary
works.
B. Review on Historical Condition of Afghanistan 1.
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