affair. Rasheed took his belt and whipped Laila. “Without saying a word, but he shoved her back at Laila. He did it with such a speed that she had no time to
retreat or duck, or even raise a protective arm… Rasheed swung the belt again…” 308
Laila tried to run, but Rasheed got her back. He still tried to swing his belt again and again. Mariam could not do anything to stop him. Rasheed swing his
belt to Mariam. Then, Laila took something to hit Rasheed head. Rasheed noticed it and he tried to choke Laila. Mariam took a shovel and hit Rasheed. She led
Rasheed to his own death. 310-311 All those statements and quotations above show that Rasheed often abused
both Mariam and Laila. Based on The United Nations Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women, General Assembly Resolution, December
1993, violence against women is a manifestation of historically unequal power
relations between men and women, which have led to domination over and
discrimination against women by men. Violations against women’s human rights
are often sanctioned under the garb of cultural practices and norms, or through misinterpretation of religious practice. Rasheed as a husband thought that he had
full power to do everything to both Mariam and Laila. I believe that it has a strong connection with the patriarchal tradition which states the position of man is
always higher than woman. Violence against women is also one of consequences of underage
marriage. Both Mariam and Laila got married in their early age.
The Commission of Women’s Position under the General Assembly of the United Nations in 1993
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defined domestic violence as: “Any gender-based violent act that causes physical andor psychological harms and damages, or harassing women through threatening
them to do so or a result of forced or discretionary deprivation, women lose their freedom in society or family. In this declaration, all types of cruel and inhumane acts
that result in suffering and harassment have been condemned and governments have been asked to take special measures for eliminating violence against women. Even
though this declaration has called on governments to fight against violence, violence still remains under different forms. In this research, the following indicators have
been taken into account for analyzing violence. They are physical violence, sexual violence and verbal violence. Physical violence includes slapping, pinching, biting,
kicking, fisting, burning, pouring hot water over the body, detainment, beating with a stone or a stick. Sexual violence includes trying to establish sexual relationship by
force, damaging sexual organs, and boycotting and cutting sexual relations. Verbal violence is that type of violence that results in humiliation; isolation; and insulting of
victimized person before his or her family and relatives. In this type of violence, often women are humiliated and insulted.
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CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
The last chapter of this thesis contains conclusions of the analysis and suggestions. The conclusions deal with the research problem of this study,
whereas suggestions are involved for future researchers and for English teachers who might use a literary work to teach English.
A. Conclusions
This thesis deals with a research problem. It is how Khaled Hosseini’s A Thousand Splendid Suns reflects the education and marriage life of Afghan
women during 1974-2003 through the main characters, Mariam and Laila. Mariam, who lived in rural area, was not allowed to go to school by her Mother.
Her mother thought that education was not important for girls. Her mother’s thought about education was the representative of most of parents’ thought in
Afghanistan, especially those who lived in rural area. On the contrary Laila, who lived in a big city, was fully supported by his father to have formal education at
school. The educated parents and uneducated parents have different perception about sending their daughters to have education in schools. The environment and
traditions also have influenced parents’ perception about sending their daughters to schools.
Mariam experienced forced marriage. Her father and her three step mothers chose a suitor for Mariam. She did not have any other choices. She could
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