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CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
In this chapter, there are three main parts. First is review of related theory which involves the theory of character and characterization and the theory of
critical approach. The second is review on historical condition in Afghanistan which involves the history of Afghanistan, the history of Soviet occupation, the
history of Mujahedeen regime and the history of Taliban regime. They contribute the facts and information of Afghanistan and Afghan women’s life during that
period. The third is theoretical framework that describes how the theories reviewed are used in analyzing the problem formulation in this study.
A. Review of Related Theories
1. Character and Characterization
Pickering explains that a major character of the plot can be protagonist and antagonist 26. He describes that it is easy to identify the protagonist because it
becomes the readers’ focus of attention. However, the term of protagonist and antagonist do not imply a judgment about the moral worth because both represent
a complex mixture of positive and negative. Pickering distinguishes two types of character to describe the relative
degree 27. These are flat and round characters. The flat characters convey a single characteristic, trait or idea. They are usually minor actors. The round
character conveys a number of qualities and traits. They are the major actors.
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Pickering explains the two techniques to present the character of the story 30-35. The first is direct method by telling. It relies on exposition and direct
comment by the author. The second is indirect method by showing. The author allows the characters to show their character through dialog and actions.
However, both methods do not stand alone, they can be use complementary. Besides the basic technique, Murphy explains the techniques more specific
161-173. They are personal description, characters as seen by another, speech, past life, conversation by others, reaction, direct comments, thoughts, and
mannerism. Personal description explains about the person’s appearance and clothes,
what the character is like and what the social class he or she is. Character as seen by another describes the opinions of the character from another. Speech describes
the character by presenting the clues of his or her character directly to the readers. Past life allows the readers learn something about a person’s past life and
recognize the event happened to the certain characters. Conversation of other gives clues to a person’s character through the conversation of other people and
the things are said about the certain character. Reaction means a reader see the character from the reactions of a certain character to the various situations
happens in the story. Direct comment describes and comments the character directly. It is the most effective way in understanding character. Thoughts give
direct knowledge of what a person is thinking about. The last is mannerism. A person’s character is described through the person’s mannerism, habits and
idiosyncrasies.
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2. Critical Approach
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