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Hilton and Von Hippel in Khan and Benda 2012, stereotype is defined as the characteristics, attributes, and behaviors of members of certain groups.
According to Mackie and Hamilton 1993, stereotype is defined as relatively fixed and oversimplified generalization about groups or class of people or
something new that someone never knows before. Donnelly, Gibson, and Ivancevich 1985 defined stereotype as a set of beliefs about the characteristics of
people or something new in a particular group that is generalized to all members of the group. Stereotype can be negative or positive. It depends on personal’s
perspective and conception about something.
2.1.2.2 Self-concept
The second factor that affects someone to make their perceptions are self- concept. According to Yahaya 2013, self-concept is defined as the totality of a
complex, organized, and dynamic system of learned beliefs, attitudes and opinions that each person holds to be true about his or her personal existence. It is
important for us to know deeply about ourselves. As what Donnelly, Gibson, and Ivancevich 1985 stated that by knowing oneself, it makes us easier to see others
accurately. If a person can know and understand him or herself successfully, it will affect him or herself in making perception about something. Altman, Valenzi,
and Hodgetts 1985 defined self-concept as the way people feel and perceive themselves. The way people see something affects their perceptions about
something.
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2.1.2.3 Situation
Situation is one of the important factors that affect someone in making perception about something especially about learning process. As stated by
Donnelly, Gibson, and Ivancevich 1985 that situational factor here is about the press of time, the attitudes of the people, and other situational factors which will
influence perceptual accuracy. That statement is supported by Kumar 2014. Kumar stated that an effective learning situation is one in which all the essential
elements for promoting learning. It means that there is a relation between situation, perception, and students’ learning activity in the class. The teacher
should be able to create an interesting learning situation by using any kinds of teaching techniques. By creating an interesting learning activity, it will make the
students have positive perception about the learning process in the class.
2.1.2.4 Selectivity
The other factor which can influence people to make perception is selectivity. People have an ability to catch all the information, but the people
cannot use all of the information. People should be able to select what kind of information which can support their viewpoints. It is supported by Gibson,
Ivancevich, and Donnely 1985. They stated that people tend to ignore some information or cues that can make them discomfort. In this case, teachers may
give information to the students as much as they can. However, the students should be able to select what kind of information which is useful for them.
