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2.1.3 Speaking
In the language learning process, there are four skills which are usually taught by the teachers. Those four skills are reading, speaking, writing, and
listening. Mastering speaking skill is a must not only for the teacher but also for the foreign language learners. As what had stated by Richards 2008 that the
succeed measurement of foreign language learning process can be measured from how well the students can improve their speaking skill. According to Nunan
2003, speaking is a productive oral skill which consists of producing systematic verbal utterances to convey meaning. According to Paulstan and Bruder 1976,
speaking is defined as a competency to communicate in the target language. Richards 2008 stated that there are three functions of speaking, they are
speaking as interaction, speaking as transaction, and speaking as performance. According to Richards 2008, speaking as interaction is defined as a
conversation. It describes interaction that serves a primarily social function, such as greetings, telling someone about our past experiences, and so on. The focus of
this function is how the speakers wish to present themselves to each other rather than on the message that want to be delivered. It means that this function plays a
social role. The other function of speaking is as a transactional process. According to
Richards 2008, it refers to situations where the focus is on what is said or done. The focus of this function is might be different from the previous function. On the
previous function, speaking as interaction is focused on how to build a social role rather than on the message that want to be delivered. This function focuses on
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how well the speakers deliver the message to the addressee. It means that the main focus of this function is on the message not on the participants.
The last function of speaking skill is as a performance. According to Richards 2008, this function refers to public speech. It means that this function
wants to build the public speaking skills of the speakers. This function is focused on the content of the message which wanted to be delivered by the speakers to the
audiences, and the audience itself.
2.1.4 Role Play
Role play is one of the teaching techniques which can be used in language learning process, especially in English learning process. There are some
definitions about role play based on experts’ opinion. According to Livingstone 1983, role play is a classroom activity which gives the students the opportunity
to practice the language they may need outside the classroom. Role Play can be an effective technique to create the teaching and learning atmosphere become more
interesting. According to Lucatoni 2002, role play can be enjoyable for learners and provide excellent opportunities for using language in real life situations. It
helps students to develop their speaking fluency in their real life. According to Larsen and Freeman 1986, role play is an important thing in the communicative
approach because it gives students an opportunity to practice communicating different social contexts and roles. As what had been stated by Doff 1990, that
role play is a way to bring some situations from the real life into the classroom activity.
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