11
environment. Worchel and Shebilske 1998 defined perception as a process of interpreting information. Altman, Valenzi, and Hodgetts 1985 defined
perception as the way stimuli are selected and grouped by a person, so that they can be meaningfully interpreted. Perception is a person’s view of reality.
From those definitions, perception can be defined as a personal cognitive process of interpreting information about something. Perception is about personal
opinion and belief. People cannot force their own perception about something to other person, because it depends on someone opinion, interpretation, and belief
about something.
2.1.2. Factors of Perception
Donnelly, Gibson, and Ivancevich 1985 stated that each person can ‘see’ the same thing in different ways. According to Donnelly, Gibson, and Ivancevich
1985, there are six factors which can affect someone in making their own perception. Those six factors are stereotyping, self-concept, situation, selectivity,
emotions, and needs.
2.1.2.1 Stereotype
The first factor is stereotype. There are some definitions about stereotype. According to Lippmann 1992, stereotype comes two from Greek words. Those
two words were stereos and tupos. Stereos means solid and tupos means image or impression. Based on those statements, stereotype is defined as a solid printing
mold or plate which, once cast, was difficult to change.
12
Hilton and Von Hippel in Khan and Benda 2012, stereotype is defined as the characteristics, attributes, and behaviors of members of certain groups.
According to Mackie and Hamilton 1993, stereotype is defined as relatively fixed and oversimplified generalization about groups or class of people or
something new that someone never knows before. Donnelly, Gibson, and Ivancevich 1985 defined stereotype as a set of beliefs about the characteristics of
people or something new in a particular group that is generalized to all members of the group. Stereotype can be negative or positive. It depends on personal’s
perspective and conception about something.
2.1.2.2 Self-concept
The second factor that affects someone to make their perceptions are self- concept. According to Yahaya 2013, self-concept is defined as the totality of a
complex, organized, and dynamic system of learned beliefs, attitudes and opinions that each person holds to be true about his or her personal existence. It is
important for us to know deeply about ourselves. As what Donnelly, Gibson, and Ivancevich 1985 stated that by knowing oneself, it makes us easier to see others
accurately. If a person can know and understand him or herself successfully, it will affect him or herself in making perception about something. Altman, Valenzi,
and Hodgetts 1985 defined self-concept as the way people feel and perceive themselves. The way people see something affects their perceptions about
something.
