The Use of Spatial Multi Criteria Analysis to Support Sustainable Tourism Planning (A Case Study in Coastal Area of Bantul Regency Yogyakarta).

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THE USE OF SPATIAL MULTI CRITERIA ANALYSIS TO

SUPPORT SUSTAINABLE TOURISM PLANNING

A Case Study in Coastal Area of Bantul Regency Yogyakarta

JAKA SURYANTA

GRADUATE SCHOOL

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ABSTRACT

Parangtritis Village is one of the smallest administrative boundary in the Bantul Regency that has coast line, in which tourism is the main economic sector after farming and agriculture. The limitations on space and the vulnerable ecosystem are the first to be considered in the development of tourism. The main problems are the conflict of land space utilization among stakeholders, government and community. Therefore Spatial Multi Criteria Analysis to support sustainable tourism planning is proposed. A GIS model has already been constructed with available data. Supporting decision-making in a spatial context is implicit in the use of GIS but the analytical capability of the GIS has to be enhanced to solve the problems, where Multi Criteria Analysis comes in to play.

The objectives of this research are to access land suitability analysis purposes for tourism, paddy field, identify conflict area and to determine the best alternative land use by Multi Criteria Analysis method. Eleven land use policy alternatives were designed and evaluated to minimize conflict and to find the best alternative land use based on the production orientation and environmental conservation.

The results of this research are area suitable for tourism, about 36.33% were of highly suitable (S1), 32.88% of suitable (S2), 24.77% of marginally suitable (S3) and 6.00% of not suitable (N). The area suitable for paddy field which about 33.63% of suitable (S2), 52.47% of marginally suitable (S3), and 13.89% of not suitable (N). The conflict of interest based on land suitability are between the suitable S2 paddy field and suitable S1 tourism of about 1.42%, S2 paddy field and suitable S2 tourism of about 26,58%. The conflicts based on existing land use are the development of hotel/infrastructure in the area of sand dune, the planting vegetation in sand dune to protect paddy field. Some assessment criteria (sand dune conservation, economic development and sustainable development) were defined and submitted to determine the best alternative. The alternative 4b (sustainable development emphases on sand dune conservation) has been found to be the best alternative. The second best was alternative 3C (economic development) and the third best was alternative 5C (sustainable development emphases on tourism infrastructure development).

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THE USE OF SPATIAL MULTI CRITERIA ANALYSIS TO

SUPPORT SUSTAINABLE TOURISM PLANNING

A Case Study in Coastal Area of Bantul Regency Yogyakarta

JAKA SURYANTA

A Thesis submitted for the degree of Master of Science of Bogor Agricultural University

MASTER OF SCIENCE IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

FOR NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT

GRADUATE SCHOOL

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Research Title : The Use of Spatial Multi Criteria Analysis to Support Sustainable Tourism Planning (A Case Study in Coastal Area of Bantul Regency Yogyakarta).

Name : Jaka Suryanta

Student ID : G050140131

Study Program : Master of Science in Information Technology for Natural Resources Management

Approved by, Advisory Board

Dr. Ir. Tania June, M.Sc Dr. Ir. Dewayany Sutrisno, MApp.Sc Supervisor Co-supervisor

Endorsed by,

Program Coordinator Dean of Graduate School

Dr. Ir. Tania June, M.Sc Prof. Dr. Ir. Khairil A. Notodiputro, M.Sc

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STATEMENT

Hereby I, Jaka Suryanta, do declare that this thesis entitled “The Use of Spatial Multi Criteria Analysis to Support Sustainable Tourism Planning (A

Case Study in Coastal of Bantul Regency Yogyakarta)” is my own work and has not been submitted in any form for another degree or diploma programs (course) to any University or other institution. The content of the thesis has been examined by the advising committee and the external examiner.

Bogor, December 2006

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First of all, I would like to express my gratitude to God, who has blessing and favor me success in my studies. I pay my heartfelt love and tribute to my beloved wife, Wahyu Tjahjani and to our dear children’s Regina and Eriko for their patient and support.

I would like to express my gratitude and sincerely appreciation to the following, that contributed to my studies and success in one way or the other:

1. The Bakosurtanal Institution especially Center for Marine Resources Survey and Mapping for granting me fellowship to study in MIT Biotrop IPB Bogor Indonesia;

2. Dr. Tania June my research supervisors for all their valuable guidance and usefull advise during my MSc proposal preparation and MSc thesis writing; 3. Dr. Dewayani Sutrisno, MAppSc, my research coo-supervisors for all their

valuable guidance and useful advice during my MSc proposal preparation and MSc thesis writing;

4. Dr. Gatot Haryo Pramono as the external examiner of this thesis and for his positive ideas and inputs.

5. Drs. Suwahyuono, MSc, my student advisor for all his support and encouragement;

6. Special thanks go to all the members of lecturers and staff in MIT Biotrop IPB Bogor;

7. Dr. Antonius Bambang Wijanarto for his guidance and technical commands during thesis writing; and

8. Finally, I thank my fellow MSc in IT for NRM students-2003 for the wonderful student working relations we shared together. I will always appreciate all the memories and happiness we shared together in class, computer cluster and cafeteria.

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CURRICULUM VITAE

The author was born in Klaten, Central Java on May 28th 1963, Indonesia. He is the youngest son of Sriyanto Hardjo and Sriyatin. He finished his Elementary, Junior, and High school in Public School, Klaten. He was received undergraduate diploma from Gadjah Mada University, Faculty of Geography in field of Hydrology in 1991. Since 1992 to present, he works at the Agency for Surveying and Mapping (Bakosurtanal) Bogor Indonesia.

In 2004, he was received a scholarship to study Master Science in Information Technology for Natural Resource Management in Bogor Agricultural University.

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STATEMENT ON THESIS ... i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... ii

CURRICULUM VITAE ...iii

ABSTRACT... iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS... v

LIST OF TABLES ...viii

LIST OF FIGURES ... ix

LIST OF APPENDICES... x

1 I INTRODUCTION ... 1

1.1 Background... 1

1.2 Problem definition ... 3

1.3 The objectives... 4

1.4 Output ... 4

1.5 Scope of Research ... 5

2 II LITERATURE REVIEW... 6

2.1 Coastal Zone ... 6

2.2 Sand dune ... 6

2.3 Sustainable Tourism ... 8

2.4 Planning Principle ... 9

2.5 Planning Techniques ... 11

2.6 Planning Measure Techniques... 12

2.7 Geographic Information System (GIS) ... 13

2.8 Spatial Decision Support Tool... 14

2.9 The previous research... 15

3 III GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE AREA ... 16

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3.2 Physical aspects ... 17

3.2.1 Soil type and Topography ... 17

3.2.2 Climate ... 18

3.2.3 Water Resource Potentials... 18

3.3 Sand dune in Parangtritis... 19

3.4 Flora and fauna ... 20

3.5 Profile of Population... 20

3.5.1 Education ... 20

3.5.2 Employment ... 21

3.6 Tourism object... 21

3.6.1 Cultural Tourism ... 22

3.6.2 Natural Tourism... 23

3.6.3 Educational Tourism ... 23

3.7 The visitors ... 24

3.8 Original Regional Revenue (Pendapatan Asli Daerah) ... 25

4 IV METHODOLOGY ... 26

4.1 Frame work... 26

4.2 Research steps ... 27

4.2.1 Existing Land-use map ... 28

4.2.2 Ground checking ... 29

4.2.3 Land Suitability Analysis ... 30

4.2.3.1 Weighting and scoring... 32

4.2.3.2 Areas of Conflict ... 33

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4.2.5.1 Formulation of Policy Alternatives ... 35

4.2.5.2 Assessment Criteria ... 36

4.2.5.3 Comparison of alternatives... 37

4.3 Data requirement and Equipment used... 37

4.4 Hardware, software and equipment ... 38

5 V RESULT AND DISCUSSION ... 39

5.1 Existing land use... 39

5.2 Land Suitability ... 40

5.2.1 Land suitability for tourism area ... 40

5.2.2 Land Suitability for Paddy... 41

5.2.3 Land Suitability for Corn... 42

5.3 Priority of Land Use Planning ... 43

5.3.1 Conflict on space utilization ... 43

5.3.2 Formulation of Policy Alternatives ... 45

5.3.3 Assessment criteria ... 48

5.3.4 Comparison of Alternatives Using MCA ... 49

5.3.5 Recommended Tourism Land Use Planning ... 55

6 VI CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ... 56

6.1 Conclusion ... 56

6.2 Recommendations ... 57

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THE USE OF SPATIAL MULTI CRITERIA ANALYSIS TO

SUPPORT SUSTAINABLE TOURISM PLANNING

A Case Study in Coastal Area of Bantul Regency Yogyakarta

JAKA SURYANTA

GRADUATE SCHOOL

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ABSTRACT

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THE USE OF SPATIAL MULTI CRITERIA ANALYSIS TO

SUPPORT SUSTAINABLE TOURISM PLANNING

A Case Study in Coastal Area of Bantul Regency Yogyakarta

JAKA SURYANTA

A Thesis submitted for the degree of Master of Science of Bogor Agricultural University

MASTER OF SCIENCE IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

FOR NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT

GRADUATE SCHOOL

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Research Title : The Use of Spatial Multi Criteria Analysis to Support Sustainable Tourism Planning (A Case Study in Coastal Area of Bantul Regency Yogyakarta).

Name : Jaka Suryanta

Student ID : G050140131

Study Program : Master of Science in Information Technology for Natural Resources Management

Approved by, Advisory Board

Dr. Ir. Tania June, M.Sc Dr. Ir. Dewayany Sutrisno, MApp.Sc Supervisor Co-supervisor

Endorsed by,

Program Coordinator Dean of Graduate School

Dr. Ir. Tania June, M.Sc Prof. Dr. Ir. Khairil A. Notodiputro, M.Sc

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STATEMENT

Hereby I, Jaka Suryanta, do declare that this thesis entitled “The Use of Spatial Multi Criteria Analysis to Support Sustainable Tourism Planning (A

Bogor, December 2006

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to express my gratitude and sincerely appreciation to the following, that contributed to my studies and success in one way or the other:

1. The Bakosurtanal Institution especially Center for Marine Resources Survey and Mapping for granting me fellowship to study in MIT Biotrop IPB Bogor Indonesia;

valuable guidance and useful advice during my MSc proposal preparation and MSc thesis writing;

4. Dr. Gatot Haryo Pramono as the external examiner of this thesis and for his positive ideas and inputs.

5. Drs. Suwahyuono, MSc, my student advisor for all his support and encouragement;

6. Special thanks go to all the members of lecturers and staff in MIT Biotrop IPB Bogor;

7. Dr. Antonius Bambang Wijanarto for his guidance and technical commands during thesis writing; and

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CURRICULUM VITAE

In 2004, he was received a scholarship to study Master Science in Information Technology for Natural Resource Management in Bogor Agricultural University.

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STATEMENT ON THESIS ... i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... ii

CURRICULUM VITAE ...iii

ABSTRACT... iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS... v

LIST OF TABLES ...viii

LIST OF FIGURES ... ix

LIST OF APPENDICES... x

1 I INTRODUCTION ... 1

1.1 Background... 1

1.2 Problem definition ... 3

1.3 The objectives... 4

1.4 Output ... 4

1.5 Scope of Research ... 5

2 II LITERATURE REVIEW... 6

2.1 Coastal Zone ... 6

2.2 Sand dune ... 6

2.3 Sustainable Tourism ... 8

2.4 Planning Principle ... 9

2.5 Planning Techniques ... 11

2.6 Planning Measure Techniques... 12

2.7 Geographic Information System (GIS) ... 13

2.8 Spatial Decision Support Tool... 14

2.9 The previous research... 15

3 III GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE AREA ... 16

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3.2 Physical aspects ... 17

3.2.1 Soil type and Topography ... 17

3.2.2 Climate ... 18

3.2.3 Water Resource Potentials... 18

3.3 Sand dune in Parangtritis... 19

3.4 Flora and fauna ... 20

3.5 Profile of Population... 20

3.5.1 Education ... 20

3.5.2 Employment ... 21

3.6 Tourism object... 21

3.6.1 Cultural Tourism ... 22

3.6.2 Natural Tourism... 23

3.6.3 Educational Tourism ... 23

3.7 The visitors ... 24

3.8 Original Regional Revenue (Pendapatan Asli Daerah) ... 25

4 IV METHODOLOGY ... 26

4.1 Frame work... 26

4.2 Research steps ... 27

4.2.1 Existing Land-use map ... 28

4.2.2 Ground checking ... 29

4.2.3 Land Suitability Analysis ... 30

4.2.3.1 Weighting and scoring... 32

4.2.3.2 Areas of Conflict ... 33

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4.2.5.1 Formulation of Policy Alternatives ... 35

4.2.5.2 Assessment Criteria ... 36

4.2.5.3 Comparison of alternatives... 37

4.3 Data requirement and Equipment used... 37

4.4 Hardware, software and equipment ... 38

5 V RESULT AND DISCUSSION ... 39

5.1 Existing land use... 39

5.2 Land Suitability ... 40

5.2.1 Land suitability for tourism area ... 40

5.2.2 Land Suitability for Paddy... 41

5.2.3 Land Suitability for Corn... 42

5.3 Priority of Land Use Planning ... 43

5.3.1 Conflict on space utilization ... 43

5.3.2 Formulation of Policy Alternatives ... 45

5.3.3 Assessment criteria ... 48

5.3.4 Comparison of Alternatives Using MCA ... 49

5.3.5 Recommended Tourism Land Use Planning ... 55

6 VI CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ... 56

6.1 Conclusion ... 56

6.2 Recommendations ... 57

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 3.1 The soil type in the area of research ... 17

Table 3.2 Annual debit flow of Opak River, Bantul Yogyakarta ... 18

Table 3.3 Flora and fauna in Parangtritis... 20

Table 3.4 Population and education... 21

Table 3.5 Population and Employment... 21

Table 3.6 Type of objects Tourism in Parangtritis... 22

Table 3.7. The visitors ... 24

Table 3.8 The resume of the determination of tax revenue ... 25

Table 4.1 Matrix for suitability of land coastal tourism activities ... 30

Table 4.2 Criteria land suitability for paddy field... 31

Table 4.3 Criteria land suitability for corn... 31

Table 4.4 The designed policy alternative according to the tree policy objective... 36

Table 4.5 Assessment criteria of the policy objectives... 37

Table 4.6 Hardware, software and equipment. ... 38

Table 5.1 The existing land use ... 40

Table 5.2 Land suitability for tourism. ... 41

Table 5.3 Land suitability for Paddy... 41

Table 5.4 Land suitability analysis for Corn... 42

Table 5.5 Conflict matrix suitability for Corn, Paddy and Tourism (ha) ... 44

Table 5.6. Existing land use (ha) cross with conflict matrix tourism and paddy... 45

Table 5.7 The policy alternative and description... 46

Table 5.8 Area of each land alternatives map (ha) ... 48

Table 5.9 Assessment criteria ... 48

Table 5.10 Quantification of Assessment Criteria per land used category... 49

Table 5.11 Effect table for land used alternatives... 50

Table 5.12 Priority ranking of effect of policy schemes... 51

Table 5.13 Result of the ranking Alternative base on policy schemes Table 5.12 ... 51

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.1 The area of study in Parangtritis Village, Bantul, Yogyakarta... 5 Figure 2.1 Major crescentric dune forms ... 7 Figure 2.2 Major linear dune forms ... 7 Figure 2.3 Relationship between wind velocity and sand movement... 8 Figure 3.1 Annual debit flow of Opak river, Bantul, Yogyakarta. ... 18 Figure 4.1 Diagram of research framework. ... 27 Figure 4.2 Research Steps... 28 Figure 4.3 Land use mapping diagram. ... 29 Figure 4.4 Flowchart of Multi Criteria Analysis. ... 35 Figure 5.1 Existing land use map of Parangtritis. ... 39 Figure 5.2 Land suitability map for tourism of Parangtritis Village... 40 Figure 5.3 Land suitability map for paddy... 42 Figure 5.4 Land suitability map for corn. ... 43 Figure 5.5 Conflict map suitability for Corn, Paddy and Tourism. ... 44 Figure 5.6 Alternatives land use map. ... 48 Figure 5.7 Rank number of the alternative. ... 52 Figure 5.8 Relocation the building that disturb establishment of sand dune. ... 53 Figure 5.9 Examples of building that need improvement... 53 Figure 5.10 Alternative Land use map of Alt4b. ... 55

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LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix .1. Appendix .2. Appendix .3. Appendix .4. Appendix .5. Appendix .6. Appendix .7.

Calculation of Efect table for each alternative Example of Stepping Process MCA

Determination of tourism tax revenue by DISPARDA Bantul Land use map of alternative 3c

Land use map of alternative 5c

Tourism Object and Zone of Land use Examples of Sand dune

60 63 69 71 72 73 74

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1 I INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

Sustainable tourism planning is a planning based on the maintenance of a balance where tourism runs at a profit but not at expense of the natural, cultural, or ecological resources (IFTO, 1994 in Holden, 2001). Therefore, to survive and thrive for a long term basis, tourism industry is obliged to preserve the environment. Promoting sustainable tourism development in the Province of Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta is one of the objectives of Agenda 21 of Yogyakarta in which tourism was selected to be the first Regional Agenda 21 of Yogyakarta.

Tourism has large and extensive multiplier effects and may create new job opportunities. Tourism has positive impacts for local income, employment, scientific and tax revenues (PAD), however, some negative impact may also exist. The negative impacts are for examples, degraded environment and culture. These impacts are determined by a variety of factors, such as the extent of tourist zone use, the resilience of ecosystems, and the size of zone. The smaller the size of the tourism area, it is likely to impose more effects on the environment and culture. Basically, positive impacts are more to be considered, therefore it is not surprising that local or national governments attempt to maximize their coastal tourism potential through promotional campaigns, increasing tourist facilities and enhancing air and sea links (Briguglio & Briguglio, 1996).

The government is aware that the sustainability of the tourist industry has been threatened by overused and inappropriate spatial planning, for example; (a) Malioboro, the tourism centre, with the excessive number of street vendors and heavy traffic, (b) Kaliurang, where a natural mountain lake has been transformed into a

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swimming pool, and (c)Parangtritis beach, where the beach and ocean view have been obscured by hotel, settlement, shops and parking lots that utilized the area of sand dune (UNDP,2003). Therefore, the Agenda 21 of Sustainable Tourism Development DIY has one of important missions i.e. to rehabilitate these conditions to reach the sustainable resource utilization.

For managing the tourism industry, spatial planning is one of the solutions to be taken into consideration. According to Williams (1998:111), spatial zoning is an established land management strategy that aims to integrate tourism into sustainable area by defining areas of land due to the suitability’s or capacities for tourism. Hence, zoning of land may be used to exclude tourists development facilities from primary conservation areas, to focus general visitors into a limited number of locations where their needs may be met and their impacts may be controlled and managed. It uses some kind of spatial data themes that are collected through inventorying, storing, attributing, and analyzing. In this case remote sensing technology was used for spatial data collection and inventory of coastal ecosystem condition.

Geographic Information System (GIS) allows the matching of recreation potential with the characteristics of the regions. The capability of a GIS to allow rapid modification, addition or removal of constraints and to investigate the complex interrelations between the thematic layers is attractive for resources management and planning.

In some cases, conflicts of interest of different stakeholders exist and need to be assessed with the output best for the region. Spatial multi criteria analysis may be employed for the study. Spatial Multi Criteria Analysis Method offer the analytical and statistical modeling facilities to deal with multiple choice objective and

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multi-criteria. Spatial Multi Criteria Analysis is a conjunctive application of Remotely Sensed data, Geographic Information System and Multi Criteria Analysis Technologies, which is very important in assisting decision makers choose the best decision on complex problems.

This research employs spatial multi criteria analysis to assist spatial planning in Parangtritis Land Coastal Tourism Area.

1.2Problem definition

Decision makers often faced by conflicting interests resulting from various existing or planned activities of different stakeholders. The government of Bantul Regency faces similar problem in managing Parangtritis tourism area, where path of the sand dune conservation zone to be used for settlement, hotel and some plantation. The effort to minimize deviation in space utilization must be done, to prevent deterioration of existing tourism zone. The trend of increasing visitor will use more space of land; it can be anticipated through exploiting alternative site or expanding tourism zone.

Data aerial photos in 1992, aerial photos in 2000 and quick bird image in 2003 clearly show that the expansion of the settlement and hotel is about 11%. The problem is that about 3% of development was situated in the area of sand dune conservation. The other problems are vegetation that grows and the planting that causes to be passive sand dune.

The policy documents concerning sand dune conservation/ rehabilitation and utilize land for other purpose i.e.: hotel, settlement and agriculture need proper consideration, so the conflict will be reduced and avoided. Studying the conflict is carried out through spatial analysis and conflict analysis approaches. The spatial

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analysis is conducted through Geographical Information System in evaluating the situation to obtain tourism suitability. The spatial planning is basically the formulation of space utilization in optimum way, based on production orientation and environmental conservation. According to the problem, it is necessary to make problem definition on how to use spatial multi criteria analysis for land coastal tourism planning. The most important propositions of this study are:

how to determine the land suitability by obtaining land characteristics and land use or land cover using remote sensing and GIS,

how to get the best policy of land use alternative for tourism development using spatial multi criteria decision making, and

how to create the land coastal tourism zone according to the best policy, which is being defined.

1.3The objectives

The objectives of this research are:

• to carry out the suitability assessment for tourism area,

• to identify the conflicting area,

• to asses the conservation zone of sand dune and other tourism object, and

• to asses the policy option of tourism development.

1.4Output

The outputs of this research are:

• Land suitability map for tourism area,

• Alternative maps based on scenario created to develop tourism planning, and

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1.5Scope of Research

Research site is Parangtritis village, which is geographically located between 110 o 16’30’’ - 110 o 21’00’’ East and 07 o 16’30’’ - 08 o 02’00’’ South. The research area is focused on coastal land, while the coastal marine were not included due to the strong wave and steep slope of the sea bottom.

Parangtritis Village covers an area of 967,201 hectares consisting of 11 sub villages. Administratively, Parangtritis is bounded by Donotirto Village n the northern part, Selohardjo Village in the eastern part, Tirtohardjo Village in the western part and Indian Ocean in the southern part. This research used a base map at 1: 25.000 scale. Figure 1.1. shows Parangtritis area in the Province of Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta.

ADMINISTRATIVE BOUNDARY OF PARANGTRITIS VILLAGE

Legend :

1 0 1 2 Kilometers

Administrative boundary Giricahyo Village Girijati Village Indian Ocean Parangtritis Village Seloharjo Village Srigading Village Tirtohargo Village Tirtoharjo Village Giriasih Village

Based map derived from Indonesia Topographic Map at 1 : 25.000 scale, produced by Bakosurtanal in 1998

Primary road Secondary road Tertiary road Footpath raod N 8° 1 '40

" 8_°1

'4 0 " 8°0 0 '3 0

" 8_°0

0 '3 0 " 7° 5 9 '2 0

" 7_°5

9 '2 0 " 110°17'30" 110°17'30" 110°18'40" 110°18'40" 110°19'50" 110°19'50" PARANGTRITIS VILLAGE

D IY

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2 II LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1Coastal Zone

Coastal zone is the area, on both sides of the actual land – water interface, where the influences of land and water on each other are still a determining factor- climatically, physiographically, ecologically, or economically (Fedra, et al., 1998).

Base on the geomorphologic map (Westi, 2005), Parangtritis beach is divided into four types of coastal geological landscapes. There are tectonic cliffs, coastal watershed floodplain, coastal marine, and coastal sand dune.

The sand dune is distinguished in to tree zone such as the wetland (Sea, Laguna and Opak river), active sand dune characterized by tide area and open beach. The last one is passive sand dune that is covered by naturally vegetation, culture vegetation and settlement.

The object tourism takes place in all the types of landscapes. Open beach that is dominated by sandy area is very famous place used for tourism. Usually, the grains sand comes from the dead coral or it came from up land (volcanoes) and by moving water the sands in the river move and deposit to the estuary. Sea current moves sand grains then throw up by the wave to the beach. The next process is that the wind moves the sands then the sands are accumulated as sand dune.

2.2Sand dune

Wind is an agent of geomorphic change. The work of the wind are erosion, transportation and deposition called Aeolian (Christoperson.1998). A dune is a wind – sculpted accumulation of sand. Sand grains are generally deposited as transient ridges or hills called sand dunes. An extensive area of dunes, such as one that is found in

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north Africa, is the characteristics of an erg desert, or sand sea. The grand erg oriental in the central Sahara exceeds 1200 m in depth and cover 192 000 km2. This sand sea has been active for more than 1.3 million years and has average dune heights of 120 m.

Dunes have many wind-shaped styles that make classification difficult. Dune can simply be classified in to three classes: crescentric (exp: barchans, parabolic), linear (exp; longitudinal, sweep) and star dunes. Figures 2.1 and 2.2 show some types of sand dune.

Figure 2.1 Major crescentric dune forms

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Sand dune is a scarce land form (endangered landscape) usually take place in the beach, unfortunately competition for access to sandy beaches inevitability caused changes in the natural environment at present.

The process of sand dune formation is influenced by available abundant of sand grains, win as agent of grains sand motion and deposition, the clear distinguish of wet and dry season, no material that close the space where the sand dune will be formed (Debyosaputro,1997). The relationship between wind velocity and sand movement for sand dune formation shows in Figure 2.3.

Figure 2.3 Relationship between wind velocity and sand movement

2.3Sustainable Tourism

In the Earth Summit, a program for promoting sustainable development throughout the world, known as Agenda 21, was adopted by participating countries. Although tourism as an economic sector was not debated in Rio, five year later in the Earth Summit II in New York, it was debated as a recognized economic sector.

In the report, some recommendations and outcomes were stated as follows. The expected growth in the tourism sector and the increasing reliance of many developing countries, including small island, developing States, on this sector as a major

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employer and contributor to local, National, Sub regional and regional economies highlights the need for attention to the relationship between environmental conservation and protection and sustainable tourism.

Tourism industry has adopted sustainability for three reasons: economic, public relations and marketing (Butler,1998). The five main goals of sustainable tourism were identified as:

a. to develop greater awareness and understanding of the significant contributions that tourism can make to the environmental economy,

b. to promote equity and development,

c. to improve the quality of life of the host community, d. to provide a high quality of experience for the visitor, and

e. to maintain the quality of the environment on which the foregoing objective depend.

Others said that tourism should not degrade the resource and should be developed in an environmentally sound manner. It should involve education among all parties, local communities, government, non government organization and tourists before and after trip. It should provide long-terms benefits – to the resources, to the local community, and to industry (benefits may be conservation, scientific, social, cultural or economic) (Butter, 1991).

Tourism operations should ensure that the underlying ethics of responsible environmental practices are applied not only to the external (natural and cultural) resources, which attract the tourists, but also to their internal operations.

2.4Planning Principle

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Utilization Guidance and Method for Controlling the space utilization. The spatial planning is basically the formulation of space utilization in optimum away based on production orientation and environmental conservation. The technical requirement for spatial utilization in general or can be nationally implemented was not identified yet.

The following principles plan (UNDP, 1999) can be used when preparing management plan:

¾ Plan must be objective oriented: When the problems or issues are understood, a set of objectives should be framed to address key issues. Objectives should be quantifiable targets that serve to focus management effort and measure performance.

¾ Plan must try to achieve the greatest good for the greatest number of people in the long run: Minority interest must be weighed in relation to the general well being of larger communities.

¾ The ecological carrying capacity should never be exceeded and resources sustainability should be given high priority: This is a non-negotiable requirement, if sustainable production is to be achieved.

¾ The need for the conservation of biological diversity and wildlife should be recognized.

¾ Planning is on going dynamic process: Planning must be flexible enough to accommodate shifts in demand/supplies and priorities. Because societal values change over time, planning is an on-going dynamic process.

¾ The plan must provide for improvements in data collection to reduce areas of uncertainty associated with an incomplete or weak information base: The ultimate objective may be achieved in phases, taking in to account an improved

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information base over time and applying a conservative approach where the uncertainty is perceived to be great.

¾ The decision-making process must be visible and equitable: Involving the public in the decision-making process is necessary to promote local support and acceptance for integrated coastal management planning. Decision-making should not marginalize the traditional incomes of local people nor their access to reasonable amount of coastal products without offering practical and acceptable alternative.

Regulation and laws that are based on sector’s interest and not operational part of reasons allow the deviation occurred in space utilization from the current spatial use plan. Deviation in space utilization from spatial use plan is potential toward conflict in space utilization. Studying the conflict is carried out through spatial analysis and conflict analysis approaches. The spatial analysis is conducted through Geographic Information System in evaluating the situation to obtain tourism suitability.

2.5Planning Techniques

All planning process begin with some study of existing characteristics of land and development. Often this is called inventory. Regional studies often begin with lists of services and facilities –number and categories of lodging , food service and attractions. Others begin with statistics on economic impact-numbers of people employed in tourism, income and tax revenues produced. Still others identify a broad range of resources factors, both natural and cultural.

Tourism inventory focuses as foundation for future policy and planning by both private, government and public sector. An example of the Objective of the Coastal

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Tourism Resource Inventory Project (CTRIP) by British Columbia (1991) are:

1. To develop and implement a rigorous and credible tourism resource mapping methodology that:

¾ identifies and maps tourism resources based on the needs and expectation of tourism operator and consumers;

¾ reflect the present and future resource needs of the coastal tourism industry;

¾ document existing tourism resource use and infrastructure;

¾ respect, where appropriate , the need for confidentially of data and;

¾ is compatible with emerging local or provincial government geographic information system standard.

2. To ensure that the inventory provides a cost effective tool to support tourism planning and specifically:

¾ enables the derivation of tourism resource values in a credible and technically sound manner;

¾ highlights areas requiring land and resource use protection and or management to maintain present and future tourism development option;

¾ increases the capacity of the ministry to present tourism interest in integrated resource management processes and;

¾ provides the basis for preparation of a coastal tourism plan.

2.6Planning Measure Techniques

There are a variety of other land-use planning measure that can be encouraged by government to mitigate the negative effects of tourism. Zoning can provide a proper recognition of resources that exist in the area and subsequently identify where tourism can and cannot take place. With specific reference to the use of zoning in

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protected areas the WTO (1992) remark: a protected area can be divided into zones of strict protection (a ‘sanctuary zone’, where people are excluded), wilderness (where visitors are permitted only on foot), tourism ( where visitors are encouraged in various compatible ways), and development where facilities are concentrated’.

Example of land use zoning takes place in The Canadian National Park system. Five zones have been designated for application in the national park, categorized by resource base of the area and the amount of recreational access that is allowed there: Zone1: Special preservation- areas that contain strictly protected rare or endangered

species and where access is strictly controlled;

Zone2: Wilderness –areas that use only dispersed with limited facilities;

Zone3: Natural environment- this area acts as buffer zone between zones 2 and 4, and access is primarily non-motorized;

Zone4: Recreation- overnight facilities such as campsites are concentrated

Zone5- Park services- this area is highly modified providing many services but represent less than 1 percent of the Tourism resort.

2.7Geographic Information System (GIS)

GIS is a set of computer tools designed to efficiently capture, store, update, manipulate, analyze, and display all forms of geographically reference information (ESRI 1992). The power of a GIS steams from its ability to combine many data sets and display them in a common framework as thematic maps (Fedra and Feoly, 1998). Users will expect to get support from the system to enter data, to analyze it in various ways and to produce presentation on map. By GIS technology, the integration of all methods and tools can be useful to establish a decision support system for spatially related problem.

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GIS is widespread acceptance as a tool for decision support in land, infrastructure, resources, environmental management and spatial analysis, and in urban and regional development planning. GIS use an extensive background in the digital data management, mapping sciences and information technology, because this technology is built upon very broad base of scientific disciplines ranging from cartography, remote sensing, computer science, statistics and so on. Recently, development of GIS software and Web Technology has made more user-friendly, therefore useable and accessible to more user (Gerrtman 2002, Sharifi, 2002).

2.8 Spatial Multi Criteria Analysis

Spatial Multi Criteria Analysis is a conjunctive application of Remotely Sensed data, GIS and MCA Technologies. The potential of remotely sensed materials to contain immense data/information from remote areas, coverage of large area in a cheaper way relative to the data captured, renders them to be cost effective and time saving. Therefore, remotely sensed products may be viewed as instruments of trust among stakeholders, even the local communities because of the above reason.

GIS on its own offers limited application potential for use in ill-structured complex community based natural resources management decision problem where multiple and conflicting criteria and objectives are great concern. The use of GIS alone in participatory decision-making would provide a real challenge on how to incorporate local conflict in to the decision process especially those arising from more qualitative perceptions of space place, locality and relationship between ecological and socio-economic concerns of difference stakeholders.

MCA is a multiple criteria decisions making technique to assist the decision-maker in selecting from number of choice alternatives. On the other hand, MCA alone

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provides very limited application potential for ill-structured complex community based natural resources management decision problems with strong spatial component. Using MCA alone would present a real challenge for participants to visualize the spatial dimensions of the decision problem. These limitation can be overcome by the integration of GIS and MCA.

2.9The previous research

Spatial Multi Criteria Analysis has ever been applied for the coastal management in Rayong Province Thailand by Joan Looijen, Netatua Pelesikoti and Marc Staljanssens. The main problem is conflict interest between mangrove forest conservation and the development of shrimp culture in mangroves. The objectives were to analyze the conflict of interest, to apply suitability assessment, to identify areas of conflict, to formulate policy alternatives, and to compare the alternatives using different policy schemes. By using Multi Criteria Analysis method the best alternative land use were derived.

The same method will be tested to apply in land coastal of Parangtritis Bantul Yogyakarta. The existing land uses are mainly for tourism and farming. The problem are different, they are the conflict between sand dune conservation and development of tourism/infrastructure, and utilize of land for paddy field and others. This situation are challenges on how the use of Spatial Multi Criteria Analysis for land coastal sustainable tourism planning.

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3 III GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE AREA

3.1Introduction

The President’s Decree number 22 /1999 about regional autonomous give more authorities to the local government. This has impact on the way each local government to develop their own activities. However, there are negative impacts that need considerations. Many of the local governments have perceived this decree in the wrong way. Because of the bigger authority they attempt to manage their territory to increase as much regional income as they can, causing uncontrolled resource exploitation.

Bantul Regency is one of the autonomous regions in Yogyakarta that has many potential resources, dominated by agricultural sector, while tourism is another potential sector that has given contribution in gaining regional income. Parangtritis is one of the tourism areas in Bantul that has contributed the most income from tourism sector in Bantul.

Nowadays, Parangtritis is characterized by its uncontrolled development and mismanagement; the area has become a slum of tourism resort. The main interesting parts of Parangtritis tourism object are sandy beach and sand dunes. Unfortunately, the site is also surrounded by hotels, settlement, rest rooms, and unorganized parking lots. If no special attention to this growing site, there will be deterioration and decrease in tourism value, and may decrease in the number of visitors. Hence, there is a need for a sustainable development in this area that may benefit for longer term not only for investors, but also for local community and government.

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of land capability, land capacity and the core of the tourism itself. According to the local government vision in tourism planning (RTOW, 2003), the development should fulfil four principles, these are balanced growth of local socio-economic-cultural condition, balanced growth of conservation and development (spatial principle), good access of public amenities for everyone, and democratic local-based governance system.

3.2Physical aspects

3.2.1Soil type and Topography

The topographic condition are situated at elevation ranging from 0 m mean sea level to the highest of 250 m of mean sea level with the slope varying form flat (<1%) to steep (>45%). Soil condition is one of the contributing factors, where the only certain types of vegetation can grow. Table 3.1 shows six soil type, materials contents and topographic. Two of them ‘ustipsamments and isohipotermik’ are closer to the coast line with the matter of sand and topographic flat to undulating. Its recent soil that no deference of soil horizon and minimize organic matter mean while only vegetation type of grass and bush survived. Typhic trophorthents soil type have been threatened by local community, added organic matter, water irrigated and planted with paddy. Other soil types were used for settlement, cultivation and dry culture.

Table 3.1 The soil type in the area of research

Soil type Material Tophographic

Ustipsamments, Isohipertermik

Sand coastal sedimentary Sand win sedimentary

Flat to undulate

Typhic trophorthents, Clay coluvial Flat to undulate Lithic ustropepts Clay and limestone Hilly to steep Lithic ustorthents Breksi and Tufa andesit Hilly to steep Hypic Haplustalfs Clay sedimentary and sand Flat to undulate Source: Puslitanak Bogor

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3.2.2Climate

The Parangtritis area is belongs to climate “Type Am” (based on Schmidt Fergusson), with an average rainfall intensity of 1,845 mm/year. The highest temperature is 29.9o C, lowest temperature is 24.5o C and the average is 27.2o C. The maximum humidity is 89% and the lowest humidity is 78% with wind velocity of 5 – 30 knot/second. There is clear distinction of wet and dry season, where the rainy season is within November/December to March/April.

3.2.3Water Resource Potentials

The depths of ground water vary between 3 – 7 m in the low land and more than 15 m in the high land. Base on the hydrogeology map of Yogyakarta the ground water resource potentials are categorized in to medium to height.

The flow of surface water mainly goes through Opak River as a permanent river. The average annual debit flow based on the station of automatic water level recorder (AWLR) location at about 3 km north of Parangtritis is shown in Table 3.2 and Figure 3.1.

Table 3.2 Annual debit flow of Opak River, Bantul Yogyakarta

Month Jan Feb Marc Apr May Jun July Aug Sept Oct Nov Desc

Debit flow m3/det 60,3 68,1 158,0 73,6 24,2 12,9 11,0 7,10 3,93 2,43 5,96 11,8 Height mm 140 158 365 171 56,1 30,0 25,5 16,4 9,09 5,62 13,8 29

Sources: Research Institute for Water Resources Development. Bandung 1998.

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

Jan Feb Marc Apr May Jun Jul Augus Sept Oct Nov Desc

Debit m 3/det Height m m

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The suspended load is mainly grains sand and dash from volcanic activity of Mount Merapi. The debit flow in Table 3.2 when compared to total demand of 428.13 person/day ×120 liter = 51375.6 liter/day (0.0059 m3/s) indicates that the area is abundant of water sources.

3.3Sand dune in Parangtritis

The requirements of the establishment of sand dune according to Debyosaputro (1997) are the followings: clear distinction between wet and dry season, the material of grains sand abundant, the flat space and open, the win velocity. The higher wind velocity will be able to move more grain sand. Steady wind velocity of 50 km/h can move approximately one half ton of sand per day over a square meter section of dune. Intermediate sized (0.25mm – 0,5mm) grains sand move most easily. It is the largest and the smallest sand particles that require the strongest winds to move. The larger particles are heavier, and thus require stronger winds. Small particles are difficult to move because they exhibit a mutual cohesiveness and because they usually present a smooth surface to the wind.

These requirements are available in this Parangtritis area. The existing condition shows that there are more than a hundred sand dunes.

Sand dune in Bantul is the biggest and the most complete type in South East Asia. There are four types of sand dunes based on physical perform in Parangtritis. According to Kapala (1998) the types of sand dunes that can be found are 70 barchans, 80 of longitudinal type, 30 of parabolic type and 10 sweeps. The barchans and longitudinal type utilize 70 ha (25%) of sand dune, and were still active, while others were not.

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3.4Flora and fauna

Flora is closely related to the types of fauna that can grow and exists. Specific kinds of vegetation are Cynodong dactylon/grintingan, Andropogon/rumput jarum and Spninifex/ rumput lari, it grows in the sand dune ecosystem beside Pandanus tectorius Prk/pandan. It is categorized as endemik and pionery vegetation for sand dune before the occupation of other vegetations . The rehabilitation activity in 1988 planted Akasia and Annacardium at the path of sand dune, with soil treatment of adding of organic matter. Table 3.3 shows kinds of flora and fauna found in Parangtritis.

Table 3.3 Flora and fauna in Parangtritis.

No Flora Fauna

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

Akasia Famesiana /Akasia Amarantus Spinosus /bayam duri

Glyricydae Seppium /gamal Annacardium Accidentale/jambu monyet

Plumeria acuminate /kamboja Ipomea aquatica /kangkung

Coccina corditila /kebuan Cocoi nucivera/kepala Gangsa tridax procumbene/kerpusan

Portudaca/krokot Virtex trifolia/legundi Leucas indica/leng-lengan Phylantus minuri /meniran Pandanus tectorius Prk/pandan

Euphorbia hirta/patikan Cynodong dactylon/grintingan

Andropogon/rumput jarum Spninifex/rumput lari

Balungan wulisina indica/rumput mbakonan Cyperus rotundus/rumput teki Abrus precatorius/sogok telik

Borassus sudaica/tal Jussieva oleracea/tapak dara

Lantana camara/telekan Tobacco/tembakau

Aphilidae/kutu penghisap Hemiptera/Kepik

Paradoxurus hermaproditus/Musang Coleoptera famili scarabidae /Larva Achatina Fulica hermaprodit/siput

bapak pucung Lalat Belalang Semut tikus gumuk Laba-laba Cicak Tawon sebra Jengkerik Burung cablak Burung tekukur Belalang Burung emprit Burung ences Burung prenjak Burung branjangan Burung bangau Katak pohon

Sources: Kapala , 1999

3.5Profile of Population

3.5.1Education

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social welfare. Table 3.4 shows that 34.7% of the population has low education (Primary school), 29.9% of junior high school and 17.7% of pre School.

Table 3.4 Population and education

No Education Number population Percentage (%)

1 Pre school 1,302 17.7

2 Primary school 2,558 34.7

3 Junior high school 2,285 29.9

4 High school 928 12.6

5 Academic (D1 – D3) 110 1.5 6 University ( S1 – S3) 89 1.2

7 Courses 76 1.0

8 Specific education 11 0.14

Total 7,362 100

Source: Parangtritis Village Monographic 2004

3.5.2Employment

The population in Parangtritis works mainly as farmers (41.7%); they plant paddy, cultivation and dry land (Table 3.5). The entrepreneurs are about 13.5% as owners of hotels and trading. The new trend is that there is a tendency for farmers to work as fishermen (1.3%) while they are in idle waiting for paddy harvest season.

Table 3.5 Population and Employment

No Type of Job Population numbers Percentage (%)

1 Official government 291 4.0

2 Military 67 0.9

3 Company 277 3.8

4 Entrepreneurs 969 13.5

5 Farmer 2,998 41.7

6 Labor 2,312 0.8

7 Rees 44 0.6

8 Fishery 93 1.3

Total 7,129 100

Source: Parangtritis Village Monographic 2004.

3.6Tourism object

Tourism objects in Parangtritis village are mainly tree types: natural tourism, cultural tourism and Educational tourism (Table 3.6).

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Table 3.6 Type of objects Tourism in Parangtritis

No Type of object The object 1 Cultural tourism Bela belu Burial

Maulana Magribi Burial Cepuri watugilang 2 Natural tourism Gembirowati Highland

Parangtritis beach Parangkusumo beach Depok beach

Gumuk pasir (Sand dune) Parangwedang (Hot spring water) TPI Depok (landing fish market) 3 Educational tourism Geospatial Laboratory

Ultra light

3.6.1Cultural Tourism

Cepuri watugilang. Cepuri watugilang is the legend sites where Kanjeng Ratu Kidul meet one of the Mataram Monarchs, Panembahan Senopati, whom she visited and communed with on certain occasions, then they married. On certain days known as Suro in the Javanese calendars, locals people have a ceremonial procession, with many seen presenting offerings on the beach to honor Nyai Roro Kidul and the queen of the South Sea. During the day, many visit the beach and hold what is known locally as tirakatan (one-day fasting) as they pray for their wishes to be fulfilled. People in black are frequently seen sitting on the beach in a meditating pose the whole night. Some local people who have done meditation on the beach said that through meditation they could see a green dragon and Nyi Roro Kidul, who remains young and beautiful.

Syeh Belu-Belu's and Maulana Magribi burial. This sacred funeral is located on a fishing hill. In particular days, there are various people making devotional visit there, especially on one night before Friday and Tuesday in Kliwon day (one of 5 Javanese days regarded as the most mystic day).

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3.6.2Natural Tourism

There are interesting natural tourism objects, i.e: Parangwedang, Parangkusumo beach, Parangendog beach, Gambirowati highland, Langse cave.

Gumbirowati Highland. Along the Parangtritis road on the way to the Langse cave, people can reach this place. Just from this highland, people may get pleasure from the beautiful horizon of Parangtritis beach. The Gapit Hill is another place around this highland, for taking sport of gantole.

Gumuk pasir (sand dunes). There is spreading sand dunes named gumuk. The gumuk in this area is a rare phenomenon in the humid tropical area; even it is the only one in the South East of Asia area. The other places with similar sand dunes are the Arabic Saudi and the Gobi desert (China). The gumuk is a natural laboratory formed through thousands years. There are some rare gumuk shape types in Parangkusumo, namely barchans, parabolic, and longitudinal dunes. Nowadays, the types are not as complete as before, but the barchans and longitudinal ones, the figure can be seen in appendix 7.

Parangwedang. Parangwedang is a hot spring that is rich of mineral (the mostly elements are Na, Cl, and Mg). Uniquely, the sulfur element, the most common content of spring, is found there. Some people have to visit this place for bathing or washing the body in accordance of caring the leather.

3.6.3Educational Tourism

Geospatial Laboratories. This laboratory was build in 2006 for special purpose. The tourists who are interested in science technology for surveys and mapping on coastal resources can enjoy this place. Since 2006 students from The Universities and Senior School came there for study and tour. The laboratory has 3 missions: (a) to

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develop and to apply research technology on coastal resources for the welfare of society. (b) Application, education and socialization of the research product. (c) to develop the utilization of Indonesian coastal resources for Local, National and International Society.

3.7The visitors

Reported by local tourist agency (Badan Pariwisata Daerah – Baparda), in the years of 2003 there were 1,421,202 local and foreign tourists who visited Parangtritis (Baparda 2004). Most of these local tourists are university students, students of secondary and tertiary schools. There is no information about the degree of visitor education but if thirty or half of these numbers are students, there will be 500 up to 700 thousands students visiting Parangtritis every year. This is a potential number, and if this phenomenon is managed properly, it could produce not only a valuable education and experience for those students, but also a reasonable income for the communities and the local government. Table 3.7 shows the numbers of visitor recorded since the years of 1997 to of 2004.

Table 3.7. The visitors

No Years Visitor The income (Rp)

1 1997 1,282,700 1,100,000,000

2 1998 1,024,017 1,195,082,121

3 1999 1,370,000 1,735,120,600

4 2000 1,140,275 1,710,999,100

5 2001 1,641,100 2,488,734,000

6 2002 1,383,495 2,075,242,500

7 2003 1,421,202 2,229,714,000

8 2004 1,384,320 2,205,680,300

Sources: Diparda Bantul Yogjakarta 2005

Parangtritis administrative boundary that has an areas about 10 km2, with the average numbers visitor more than a million people per years will be categorized as a very height tourism density. Tourist density 375.9 person/km2/day, the host density of

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52.23 and the total density about 428.13 person/km2/day. Compared to the international standard density of 402.88 person/km2/day (Liu & Jankins 1996), the figure is bigger.

3.8Original Regional Revenue (Pendapatan Asli Daerah)

The local government has some sources of income, but tax revenue of the tourism in Parangtritis is one of the main sources. The determination of tax value based on six components: investment, maintenance, operational, administrative, decrease value cost and benefit. Table 3.8 shows the summary of the determination of this revenue, the completed description by Disparda Bantul is shown in Appendix 3.

Table 3.8 The resume of the determination of tax revenue

Periods No Component/ Item

to 2005 2006 – 2011

1 Total cost (6 component) Rp 1,452 million Rp 3,867 million

2 Number of visitors 1,332 million 1,332 million

3 Prize of ticket =

Total cost/number of visitors

Rp 1,090 Rp 2,903

4 Prize ticket and benefit 25% Rp 1,599 Rp 3,992

5 Gross margin Rp 2,130 million Rp 5,317 million

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4 IV METHODOLOGY

4.1Frame work

The government policy on sustainable coastal management for tourism planning and development can be carried out through the implementation of integrated management of land coastal ecosystem. Sustainable coastal zone management related closely to three factor, i.e.: environmental ecology, economic and social factor which are inter related and is regulated through laws and tradition. Problem occurred when the relationship between the threes factors was not in harmonic order.

Space utilization based on sector’s interest and not considering the regulation will be potential as the problem, which is usually arises from a discrepancy between the present state and the desire state. In this case stakeholders often tried to utilize the land coastal resources as much as possible, in accordance with their own interest. The nature condition such as the availability of land, supporting capacity and environment, social condition of local community had to be considered in the formulation of policy on spatial use of coastal land.

Inconsistency in space utilization from the use plan is a potential social conflict in space utilization. Studying the conflict is carried out through spatial analysis and conflict analysis approaches. The spatial analysis is conducted using geographic information system (GIS) in evaluating the situation to obtain tourism suitability, existing land use, sand dune formation. Multi criteria analysis was used for conflict solving analysis to obtain the best alternative land use. According to the results of ordinal ranking of alternative land uses, the recommendation can be derived for decision making. The diagram of research framework is shown in Figure 3.1. It should

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sustainable policy.

Potency Region

Space Ut ilizat ion Spatial Use Planning

Policy on sust ainable land Coast al t ourism planning

Spat ial Analysis

Suitabilit y Analyses Exist ing land use

Conflict analyses

Policy scheme/ Management scenario

Sustainable Tourism Development Recommendat ion

No y es

Consistency/ matching

Figure 4.1 Diagram of research framework.

4.2Research steps

The diagram in Figure 3.2 shows the research procedures. Remote sensing technology i.e.: aerial photograph and quick bird image were used to define existing land use map. Geographic information system especially the spatial analysis function was used for land suitability analysis, conflict analysis and to create the alternative land use map. Multi Criteria Analysis were used for statistical and analytical modeling

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analysis to obtain the best alternative land use.

Topographic map Soil Map

Slope/Distance Land Form map

Local Gov Policy Image/ aerial photo

Suitability for Tourism Suitability for paddy

Suitability for corn

Land use Planning map Identify conflict Identify tourism object Existing Land use map

Socio economic data

Conflict map

Recommended Sustainable Tourism Zone map GIS RS SMCA Ground check Analysis Integrated Classification Geometric corrections MCA

Formulation of policy /Alternative map Assessment criteria Ranking : best …worst Evaluation Suitability for

Sand dune formation Water resources

Potential map

The Best Alternative Land use map

Figure 4.2 Research Steps.

4.2.1Existing Land-use map

Identification of the existing land use of Parangtritis Village was done by visual interpretation of aerial photograph 2000 and quick bird imagery 2003. The area can be classified in to tree main group, namely vegetation, non vegetation and open land. The vegetation can be divided in to dense and less dense, then the type of vegetation identified through situation in wet or dry land. Non vegetation can be settlement, road, river. For acquiring better geometric imagery, the first step prior is to correct error of geometric by using digital topographic map or ground control point .

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ground control point (GCPs), which are selected transform the geometry of the aerial photograph/image, than each pixel corresponds to a position in a real world coordinate system.

Classification boundaries are determined by digitizing on screen using Arc View. Aerial photographs and satellite images can be classified to identify settlement, forest cover, bare land etc to produce existing land-use map. Figure 4.3 shows the diagram of land use mapping.

Figure 4.3 Land use mapping diagram.

4.2.2Ground checking

Ground checking is used to compare between the object samples in the image with the real surface of earth, to ensure the accurate of interpretation result. During this activity questionnaire were distributed to acquire additional information of the land used and tourist object, and collecting needed data from related institution. The village monographic and land use planning are collected from Baparda and Bappeda Bantul. Aerial photographs and the previous researches are collected from Gadjah Mada University.

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4.2.3Land Suitability Analysis

Land suitability assessment is concerned with ‘the process of estimating the potential of land for alternative kinds of land use’ (Dent and Young, 1981). Land use could be in the contexts of agriculture, engineering, forestry, or recreation; but agriculture may be the most popular area where land suitability assessment is applied. In the agricultural context, the evaluation is directed to a specific kind of land utilization (FAO, 1976), at specified units of homogeneous delineation.

Land suitability in the research area including land suitability for paddy field, corn and tourism area. The steps of geographic information system analysis are: (1) preparing metric of suitability for paddy field, dry culture and tourism (2) scoring and weighting (3) spatial analysis to obtain suitable area for paddy field, corn and tourism.

Land suitability matrix that is used for tourism is based on criteria developed by Bakosurtanal and matrix that is used for dry culture, paddy field, is based on criteria developed by Puslitanak. Table 3.1, Table 3.2, and Table 3.3 show the matrices of criteria of land suitability.

Table 4.1 Matrix for suitability of land coastal tourism activities

Categorize and scoring Variable Wei

ghti

ng Highly suitable S1

Score Suitable S2 Score Marginally

Suitable S3

Score Not suitable N

Score Type of

beach

8 Fine sand 9 Sand small coral

7 Sand coral

Small steep 5 Mud, mangrove Coral, very steep 3 water resources potential

8 High 9 Medium 7 Low 5 Scarce 3

Land cover of beach

6 Coconut Open land

8 Brush small

grass savanna

6 High grass 4 Forest,

mangrove settlement

Distance from coastal line

6 < 500 8 500 - 1000 6 1000-1500 4 >1500 2

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Table 4.2 Criteria land suitability for paddy field

Class

Indicator Highly suitable

Score Suitable S2

Score Marginally suitable S3

Score Not suitable N

Score

Temperature 24- 29 4 22 – 24

29 - 32

3 < 18

> 35

2 < 18

> 35

Water availability 33 - 90 4 30 - 33 3 2 1

Rot zone Drainage Texture

Coarse material (%) soil depth (cm)

refined – <3 >50

4 Medium

3 – 15 40 - 50

3 Coarse 35 < 25 2 Coarse 35 < 25 1

Substrate retention (nr) KTK (cmol)

Basalt saturated (%) PH H2O C-Organic >16 > 50 5,5–8,2 4 <= 16 35 – 50 4,5– 5,5 8,2– 8,5

3 2 1

Toxicity (xc)

Salinity (dS/m) <2

4 2 - 4

3 > 6

2 > 6

1 Sodastic (xn)

Alkalinity /ESP (%) < 20

4 20 - 30

3 > 40

2 > 40

1 Sulfides risk (xs)

Depth sulfides > 100 4 75- 100 3 < 40 2 < 40 1 Erosion

slope (%) erosion risk

<3 Very low

4 3 – 5

low 3 8 High 2 8 High 1

Inundation risk 4 3 2 1

Land preparation

Surface Stones (%) <5

4 5 - 15

3 > 40

2 > 40

Source: Puslittanak Bogor (1994)

Table 4.3 Criteria land suitability for corn.

Class Indicator Highly

suitable S1

Score Suitable S2 Score Marginally suitable S3

Score Not suitable N

Score

Temperature ( o _C) _{20 - 26} ₄ _{26 - 30} ₃ _{16 – 20}

30 - 32

2 <16 > 32

Water availability 500- 1200 4 1200-1600

400 - 500

3 > 1600

300 - 400

2 < 300 1

Root zone Drainage Texture

Coarse material (%) soil depth (cm)

Refined <15 >60

4 Medium

15 – 35 40 - 60

Medium-roughs 35 – 55 25 - 40

2 Roughs

>55 <25

Substrate retention (nr) KTK (cmol)

Basalt saturate (%) PH H2O C-Organic

>16 >50

5,8 – 7,8 >0,4

4 <=16

35 – 50 7,8 – 8,2 <= 0,4

3 <35

<5,5 >8,2

2 1

Toxicity (xc)

Salinity (dS/m) <4

4 4 - 6

3 4 - 8

2 >8

1 Sodastic (xn)

Alkalinity /ESP (%) <15

4 15- 20

3 20 - 25

2 > 25

1 Sulfides (xs)

Depth sulfidik (cm) >100

4 75 - 100

3 40 - 75

2 <40 1 Erosion Slope (%) erosion risk <8 Very low 4 8 – 16

low

3 16 – 30

medium

2 >30

high

Inundation risk F0 4 F0 3 F1 2 >F2 1

Land preparation

Surface Stone (%) <5

4 5 - 15

3 15 - 40

2 >40

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4.2.3.1 Weighting and scoring

Simple Additive Weighting (SAW) or Weighted Linear Combination (WLC) is the most often used technique in multi-criteria decision making (Fisher, 1994). Criteria here may include weighted and factors. Calculating the product of weight and factor at any location, and then summing up all products yields a total overall score. The score for each alternative A is:

=

∑

(

×

)

+

(

×

n n i

x

w

x

w

A

...

)

xi = criterion score of factor i,

wi = weight of factor i,

Suitability area level showed by index overlay value. The class from S1 (highly suitable), S2 (suitable), S3 (marginal suitable), N (not suitable) are the ranking of suitable area classes. The suitability index score are 4 for S1, 3 for S3, 2 for S2 and 1 for N. Land has overlay index value from 4 , 3, 2, and 1, which is considered as random combinations from suitability matrix variable on overlay process. The compiling overlay result into land to get suitability class. The equation used is as follow:

n S S

Si

=

max− min Where Si: Land suitability class range

Smax: Highest overlay index value Smin: lower overlay index value n: number of class

The example of suitability index calculation based on table 3.1 as follow: Highest suitability index’s are: 8 x 9 + 8 x 9 + 6 x 8 + 6 x 8 = 240 Lower suitability index’s are: 8 x 3 + 8 x 3 + 6 x 2 + 6 x 2 = 72

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Land suitability class range: (240 – 72) / 4 = 42

The suitability class of index X where 198< X ≤ 240 are Highly suitable 156< X ≤ 198 are Suitable

114< X ≤ 156 are Marginal suitable 72< X ≤ 114 are Not suitable 4.2.3.2 Areas of Conflict

Geographic Information System (GIS) technology allows the matching of recreation potential with the characteristics of the regions. The capability of a GIS on analysis land use planning here, by consideration of sustainable development concept. Spatial analysis approach is more enhance for measuring wide, area and site selection that are suitable for particularly purpose.

The area conflicts were identified through land suitability analysis and existing land use, which is one area may be suitable for tourism, paddy field, or another combination. It was identified also by matching of existing land use with land use planning, where often the conservation area uses for other activities that its opposites each others.

4.2.4Creating Maps of Alternative

The alternative maps were defined using spatial analysis functions such as overlay, query and proximity. Overlay is to combine data layers onto one layer, deriving new useful information. The attributes from the input data layers are still kept in the output data layers. This research overlaid land suitability map for tourism, paddy field, corn and the existing land use map with all attributes.

Based on this overlaid map, land use alternative map were defined using spatial query. The steps used are

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2. to execute the query to assign new combination codes from old land use category to obtain new land use category, and

3. to display the result.

An example of query expression is shown below:

([Landform] = "Sand dune") and ([Land use type] = "bush") and ([Bufferdist] = 500). Then execute in new data set to obtain the new code, for instance:

([Land use type] = "open space”)

The steps of doing this can be seen in Figure 4.4.

Figure 4.4 Map of alternative diagram.

4.2.5 Decision Making and Multi Criteria Analysis (MCA)

Multiple-Criteria Analysis is a decision making tool developed for complex multi-criteria problems that include qualitative and/or quantitative aspects of the problem in the decision-making process. It needed in situation where multiple criteria

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not followed. The decision maker trying to decide whether to chose three objective scheme as follow: economic development, sand dune conservation and sustainable development during land use planning of tourism development. To arrive at preferred option in this situation the importance of each criterion relative to the decision being made must be evaluated and included in the decision-making process.

Relevant criteria have to be identified, analyzed, combined and evaluated in order to meet specific objectives. The process of evaluating several criteria is called Multi Criteria Analysis (MCA) (Figure 4.4). Multi criteria methods provide a flexible way of dealing with land allocation decision.

Figure 4.4 Flowchart of Multi Criteria Analysis.

4.2.5.1 Formulation of Policy Alternatives

The policy alternative was done by assume that there are permanent existing land use could not change to other uses, for instance settlement. Therefore, changing certain existing condition to others were used for simulation to derive best alternative land uses.

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To achieve best recommended land uses, the proper policy is needed to fit sustainable coastal tourism planning. Policy measures, site selection and autonomous development together lead to the formulation of policy alternatives. A set of measures will determine a combination of activities for each alternative. For the formulation of policy alternative, the conflict map will be crossed with existing land used map. The designed policy alternative consideration according to the tree policy objective that will be used for this research is shown in Table 4.4.

Table 4.4 The designed policy alternative according to the tree policy objective.

No Alternative Description

1 1A No change in the present distribution of land used

Sand dune conservation:

Moderate 2

2B Strong

3 Economic development

3A 3B 3C

Moderate Strong Slow 4 Sustainable development:

Emphases on sand dune conservation

5 Sustainable development:

5A 5B 5C

Emphases on tourism development infrastructure

4.2.5.2 Assessment Criteria

A criterion is a basis for a decision that can be measured and evaluated. To compare the different alternatives, assessment criteria need to be defined. These criteria have to be specific for each policy objective, and measurable. The criteria is

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Second level is Alt3c that has been recommended for economic development, the map can be seen in appendix 4. With this condition, only the active sand dune will be conserved but again reduced that between 500 m from coast line because the area will be converted to public tourism activity. The hotel and infrastructure recommended to develop and expand on the area (Suitable S2 and S3) for tourism are between 1000 m – 1500m from coast line to anticipate the increasing of visitors.

Third level is alt5c defined as sustainable development emphasizing on economic development, the map can be seen in appendix 5. The zones were defined by local government and certainly were taken in to account during this land use planning. The infrastructures have been developing in the area before entering the gate of tourism resort. The development of hotel and infrastructure covers to up land bay converting path of dry land, which is the area suitable S3 for tourism. In contrast, this area has very good view facing the sea and hilly limes stone. The agribusinesses are tray to develop near the gate, by converting path of area paddy field with suitable S2 for tourism.

As shown in Figure 5.7, the first rank until third level of alternatives, considering sand dune conservation, sustainable and economic development are not so significant, the criteria showed that Alt4b, Alt5c and Alt3c were ranked 1 to 3 respectively. The Alt4b consistence is the best considering sand dune conservation (SC1, SC2, SC3). Alt3c in the condition of uncertainty/ fluctuates considering sustainable development (SD1, SD2, SD3). The changing position occurred with the Alt4b considering ED3. Alt5c was positioned on third level and its relative small fluctuation (ranking 2 to 4). These alternatives are in three time of rank 2 considering EC1, SD1, and (equal of SC, ED, SD).

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5.3.5Recommended Tourism Land Use Planning

The purpose of using an MCA is to assist decision makers in selecting the best alternatives from a number of feasible scenarios in the presence of multiple-choice criteria and diverse criterion priorities.

Based on comparison of alternative using MCA analysis, three best alternative are (Alt4b, Alt3c and Alt5c) possible to submit to the decision makers. The decision makers have an authority to choose which the policy alternative will be used for the near feature tourism development. Alternative Alt4b is not popular but will be better in accordance with environmentally sound, thus sustainable resources will be derived.

Based on alternative of Alt4b (Figure 5.10), than the tourism zone map can be seen in appendix 6. The zone’s are sand dune wilderness zone, sand beach wilderness zone, paddy field wilderness zone, settlement zone, natural environment zone and development zone where facilities/infrastructure are concentrated.

Area Settlement Bush Cultivation Dry land field Irigated paddyfield Mix Hotel&Settlement Non irigated paddyfi Object/area tourism Sand dune wilderness Swamp Water river Kilometers 2 1 0 1 Administrative boundary Footpatch road Primary road Secondary road Tertiary road Legend :

The base map derived from Topographic Map Scale 1 : 25.000, sheet no: 1407-543, 1408-221 produced by Bakosurtanal 1998. Alternative Alt4b derived from simulation of existing land use by using GIS analysis

LAND USE MAP OF ALTERNATIVE 4B

8°

" 8°_1'

8°0

0" 8°0₀

'30

7°5

0" 7°59

'20 " 110°17'30" 110°17'30" 110°18'40" 110°18'40" 110°19'50" 110°19'50"

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6 VI CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

6.1Conclusion

Parangtritis Village has the potential for many activities. Based on suitability analysis, it was found that the highly suitable area for tourism (S1) covers about 36.33%, while 32.88% were considered as suitable area (S2), 24.77% marginally suitable (S3) and 6.00% as not suitable area (N). Meanwhile, for paddy field the land classified as S2 was about 33.63%, 52.47% as S3 and 13.89% as N. The suitability results for the corn field were 6.03% for S2, 72.24% as S3 and 21.71% as N.

Based on land suitability analysis, only 14.7% of S1 tourism conflicted with S2 paddy field, and 26.58% of S2 tourism with S2 for paddy field. The conflicts based on existing land use are the development of hotel/infrastructure in the area of sand dune conservation, the plantation to protect paddy field in sand dune. That is the evidence of discrepancy between the desired and real conditions.

The assessment criteria (sand dune conservation, economic development and sustainable development) were defined and submitted to determine the best alternative. The alternative of Alt4b (the sustainable development emphasizing on the sand dune conservation) was found to be the best alternative. The second best was the alternative of Alt3c (the economic development) and the third best was the alternative of Alt5c (the sustainable development emphasizing on tourism infrastructure development). The zone of land use are sand dune wilderness zone, sandy beach wilderness zone, paddy field wilderness zone, natural environment zone, settlement conservation zone and development zone.

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6.2Recommendations

The capabilities of GIS to assist decision maker need to be enhanced by combining with Multi Criteria Analysis (MCA) method. It offers the analytical and statistical modeling facilities to deal with multiple-choices objectives and multi-criteria. The quantification of assessment criteria per land use category of one area are different from other places. It depends on the main goal of the land utilization, therefore, the usage of criteria obtained from one place need “cautious” when applied for other places.

The result of this research can be used for the local government to plan and develop land coastal tourism. With the alternative land use of Alt4b, it needs infrastructure such as road for the pedestrian to reach the area of sand dune conservation through special route. To anticipate movement of sand grains that may threaten the paddy field, it needs a canal as the border and trapping of sands, while sands can be exploited.

The local government must conduct socialization of the land status and tourism zone to the community and local regulation must be enforced. This socialization can be done through coordination among related institutions, such as local government through Regional Planning Agency (Bappeda), NGO’s, universities, etc. Others may involve technical assistance, training, and seminar. As a consequence the illegal buildings and infrastructures in the sand dune conservation area must be relocated.

The next research should be addressed to better understand the assessment of suspended load of sand grains in Opak River as the main sand supply of sand dune formation and for an estimation on sustainability of the sand dune.

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REFERENCES

Holden, Andrew. 2001. Environment and Tourism. Rout ledge Introductions to Environment Series. London & New York.

Arranoff, S., 1994. Geographic Information Systems; A Management Perspective. Bappeda Kabupaten Bantul. 2000. Rencana Induk Pengembangan Obyek Wisata

Parangtritis. Yogyakarta.

Gunn, Clare A.. 1994. Tourism Planning Basic, Concepts, Cases. Third edition. Taylor and Francis. USA

Christoperson, and Roberd W. 1999. Aeolian Process and Arid Landscapes. Geosystems International Journal 1999-15.

ESRI. 1992. Understanding GIS. The Arc/Info Method, Environmental System Research Institute, Inc., Redlands,CA.

Fedra, K and Enrico Feoli. 1998. GIS Technology & Spatial Analysis in Coastal Zone Management. EEZ Technology. Ed.3.

Geertman, S. 2002. Participatory Planning and GIS: A PSS to bridge the gap. Environmental and Planning. Vol 29, Pages 21-35.

Jaishree B. and Whyatt D.1999. Diverting the tourists: a spatial decision-support system for tourism planning on a developing island. ITC Journal 1999 – 1. Looijen, J., et al.1995. ICOMIS: A Spatial Multi-Objective Decision Support System

for Coastal Resources Management. ITC Journal 1995 – 3.

Soemarwoto, Otto. 2003. Towards Yogyakarta The Eco-Province. The Regional Agenda 21 For The Sustainable Tourism Development of The Special Province of Yogyakarta.

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Watershed Development. Resource Paper presented at Study Meeting on watershed Development, Asian Productivity Organization & the Iranian Ministry of Agriculture, 12 – 17 October 2002, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran.

Turban, E.1995. Decision Support and Expert System: Management Support System. California State University Long Beach and nanyang Technological University Singapore. Prentice – Hall International.

The Use of Spatial Multi Criteria Analysis to Support Sustainable Tourism Planning (A Case Study in Coastal Area of Bantul Regency Yogyakarta).

THE USE OF SPATIAL MULTI CRITERIA ANALYSIS TO

SUPPORT SUSTAINABLE TOURISM PLANNING

A Case Study in Coastal Area of Bantul Regency Yogyakarta

JAKA SURYANTA

GRADUATE SCHOOL

ABSTRACT

THE USE OF SPATIAL MULTI CRITERIA ANALYSIS TO

SUPPORT SUSTAINABLE TOURISM PLANNING

A Case Study in Coastal Area of Bantul Regency Yogyakarta

JAKA SURYANTA

MASTER OF SCIENCE IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

FOR NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT

GRADUATE SCHOOL

STATEMENT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

CURRICULUM VITAE

TABLE OF CONTENTS

THE USE OF SPATIAL MULTI CRITERIA ANALYSIS TO

SUPPORT SUSTAINABLE TOURISM PLANNING

A Case Study in Coastal Area of Bantul Regency Yogyakarta

JAKA SURYANTA

GRADUATE SCHOOL

ABSTRACT

THE USE OF SPATIAL MULTI CRITERIA ANALYSIS TO

SUPPORT SUSTAINABLE TOURISM PLANNING

A Case Study in Coastal Area of Bantul Regency Yogyakarta

JAKA SURYANTA

MASTER OF SCIENCE IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

FOR NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT

GRADUATE SCHOOL

STATEMENT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

CURRICULUM VITAE

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF TABLES

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF APPENDICES

1

I INTRODUCTION

2

II LITERATURE REVIEW

3

III GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE AREA

4

IV METHODOLOGY

=

∑

(

×

)

+

(

×

x

w

x

w

A

...

)

Si

=

6

VI CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

REFERENCES

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