A STUDY OF WOMEN SPEECH STYLE USED BY THE MAIN CHARACTERS IN TANGLED MOVIE.
A STUDY OF WOMEN SPEECH STYLE USED BY THE MAIN
CHARACTERS IN TANGLED MOVIE
THESIS
Submitted as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Sarjana Degree
of English Department Faculty of Letters and Humanities UIN Sunan Ampel
Surabaya
By:
LINDY EKA WULANDARI
Reg. Number : A83211156
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF LETTERS AND HUMANITIES
THE STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF SUNAN AMPEL
SURABAYA
2016
A STUDY OF WOMEN SPEECH STYLE USED BY THE MAIN
CHARACTERS IN TANGLED MOVIE
THESIS
Submitted as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Sarjana Degree
of English Department Faculty of Letters and Humanities UIN Sunan Ampel
Surabaya
By:
LINDY EKA WULANDARI
Reg. Number : A83211156
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF LETTERS AND HUMANITIES
THE STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF SUNAN AMPEL
SURABAYA
2016
ABSTRACT
Wulandari, Lindy Eka. 2016. A Study of Women Speech Style Used by The Main
Characters in Tangled Movie. English Department. Faculty of Letter and
Humanities. State of Islamic University Sunan Ampel Surabaya.
Thesis Advisor
: Dr. H. A. Dzo’ul Milal, M.Pd.
Key Words
: Women Speech Style, Main Character, Tangled, and
Movie.
The language is the main factor to communicate and interact with other
people in the world. Human can share information from one other to other people
using a language. The language which used by people in the world usually has many
differences. Those are differences can we find in daily activities such as when women
spoke with men. definite the women used language more complicated and long
sentences, but if the men spoke always used simple sentences or easier to understand.
In this study the writer focuses on women speech style used by the main
characters in Tangled movie. The writer is also interested in investigating types of
speech style that used by Rapunzel and Mother Gothel in Tangled movie and also the
purpose the women used those style. The research problems of the study are: 1.) what
types of speech style are used by the women main characters in Tangled movie, 2.)
what are the purpose of using certain speech style in dialogue by the main characters
in Tangled movie.
The data of this study are obtained through Tangled movie which focuses on
women main characters in Tangled movie and the writer used descriptive qualitative
approach. In analyzing the data the writer used theories by Martin Joos (1976) and
supporting theories by Robin Lakoff (1973). There were twenty two conversations of
women speech style.
The writer found there are three types of women speech style that used by
women main characters, those are style: twelve utterances of consultative style, seven
utterances of casual style and three utterances of intimate style. And the purpose the
women main characters used three types of speech style, because those style is easier
to understand for spectators. To next writer can be examine the women speech style
can choosing the other topic in social media communication (such as: instagram,
path, line, facebook, and email), and use other theories.
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Intisari
Wulandari, Lindy Eka. 2016. A Study of Women Speech Style Used by The Main
Characters in Tangled Movie. English Department. Faculty of Letter and
Humanities. State of Islamic University Sunan Ampel Surabaya.
Thesis Advisor
: Dr. H. A. Dzo’ul Milal, M.Pd.
Key Words
: Women Speech Style, Main Character, Tangled, and
Movie.
Bahasa adalah faktor utama untuk berkomunikasi and berinteraksi dengan
orang lain di dunia. Manusia dapat memberikan informasi dari satu orang ke orang
lain menggunankan bahasa. Bahasa yang digunakan oleh orang-orang di dunia selalu
memiliki banyak perbedaan. Perbedaan itu dapat kita temukan di aktifitas sehari-hari
seperti saat wanita berbicara dengan laki-laki. Pastinya wanita menggunakan bahasa
yang rumit dan kalimat yang panjang, tetapi jika laki-laki berbicara selalu
menggunakan bahasa yang sederhana atau mudah untuk dimengerti.
Dalam pembelajaran ini penulis memusatkan pada gaya berbicara wanita yang
digunakan peran utama di film Tangled. Penulis juga tertarik untuk menyelidiki
macam-macam gaya berbicara oleh Rapunzel dan Mother Gothel di film Tangled dan
juga tujuan wanita menggunakan gaya berbicara itu. Masalah-masalah yang terdapat
pada penelitian : 1.) Gaya berbicara apa yang digunakan oleh peran utama wanita di
film Tangled, 2.) Apa tujuan dari menggunakan beberapa gaya berbicara di
percakapan oleh peran utama film Tangled.
Data dari pembelajaran ini diperoleh melalui film Tangled yang memusatkan
pada peran utama wanita di film Tangled dan penulis menggunakan pendekatan
deskriptif kualitatif. Penulis menganalisis di data ini menggunakan teori dari Martin
Joos (1976) dan teori pendukung dari Robin Lakoff (1973). Ada dua puluh dua
percakapan dari gaya berbicara wanita.
Penulis menemukan tiga macam dari gaya berbicara wanita yang di gunakan
peran utama wanita, itu adalah gaya: dua belas ungkapan dari gaya consultative
(penasihat), tujuh ungkapan dari gaya kasual (santai), dan tiga ungkapan dari gaya
intimate (akrab/karib). Dan tujuan peran wanita menggunakan tiga macam gaya
berbicara karena ketiga gaya berbicara itu mudah untuk dimengerti penonton. Untuk
penulis berikutnya dapat memeriksa gaya berbicara wanita yang dapat memilih pokok
pembahasan di komunikasi media social (seperti: instagram, path, line, facebook, dan
email), dan menggunakan teori lain.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Inside Cover Page ……………………………………………………………… i
Motto ……………………………………………………………………………
ii
Declaration Page ……………………………………………………………….. iii
Dedication Page ………………………………………………………………… iv
Acknowledgement ……………………………………………………………… v
Thesis Advisor’s Approval Page ………………………………………………. vi
Thesis Examiner’s Approval Page …………………………………………….. vii
Table of Contents ………………………………………………………………. viii
Abstract …………………………………………………………………………
xi
Intisari …………………………………………………………………………..
xii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background of the Study ……………………………………………….
1
1.2
Statement of the Problems ...……………………………………………
7
1.3
Objectives of the Study ………………………………………………….
8
1.4
Significance of the Study ……………………………………………….
8
1.5
Scope and Limitation of the Study ……………………………………...
9
1.6
Definition of Key Terms ………………………………………………..
9
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELEATED LITERATURE
2.1
Sociolinguistics ………………………………………………………….
11
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2.2
Language Variation ……………………………………………………… 12
2.3
Speech Style ……………………………………………………………..
13
2.3.1 Frozen Style ……………………………………………………..
13
2.3.2
Formal Style ……………………………………………………..
14
2.3.3
Consultative Style ……………………………………………….
14
2.3.4
Casual Style ……………………………………………………..
15
2.3.5
Intimate Style …………………………………………………....
16
Women Language ……………………………………………………….
17
2.4.1
Lexical Item ……………………………………………………..
18
2.4.2
Color Item ……………………………………………………….
19
2.4.3
Particles ………………………………………………………….
20
2.4
2.4.4 Evaluative Adjective …………………………………………….. 20
2.5
Previous Study …………………………………………………………… 21
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD
3.1
Research Design …………………………………………………………
24
3.2
Source of Data …………………………………………………………...
25
3.3
Research Instrument ……………………………………………………..
25
3.4
Technique of data Collection ……………………………………………
26
3.5
Technique of Data Analysis ……………………………………………..
27
CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
4.1
Findings ………………………………………………………………….. 28
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65
4.1.1
Speech Style
4.1.1.1 Frozen Style ……………………………………………… 28
4.1.1.2 Formal Style …………………………………………….... 29
4.1.1.3 Consultative Style ……………………………………..…. 29
4.1.1.4 Casual Style ……………………………………………. 39
4.1.1.5 Intimate Style ……………………………………….……. 44
4.1.2
Purpose of Using Women’s Language by Lakoff (1973) used
Women Main Characters in Tangled Movie ……………….……. 47
4.2
Discussion ………………………………………………………………… 48
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
5.1
Conclusion ………………………………………………………………. 51
5.3
Suggestion ……………………………………………………………….
52
REFERENCES ………………………………………………………………….. 53
APPENDIX I ……………………………………………………………………. 55
APPENDIX II ……………………………...…………………………………..... 63
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background of the Study
Human life cannot be separated from communication. Language is the
main factor to communicate and interact with other people in the world. Human
can share information from one to other people using a language. Actually when
we communicate with other people, we always use sound to speak. It makes other
people easier to know what is the meaning of we speak.
Francis (1958) said that “a language in an arbitrary system of articulated
sounds made use of by a group of humans as a means of crying on the affair of
theirs socially”. Based on the definition above, it can be known that language is a
part of human life. The subject matter of linguistics is a language. It is a social
human behavior. Wardhaugh (2006) said “a language is what the members of a
particular society speak”. It means human uses language to communicate with
other people in society. Since language is an important thing, the communication
should be understood very well to avoid misunderstanding. Communication
occurs in many forms. It has an important role in life. Nobody can live without
communication with other people in the world.
1
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Wul andari |2
According to Cooles (1909), “communication is mechanism through
which human relation exists and develops”. It means that human beings are social
creatures by nature. They cannot live without other people. In other words, human
always needs help from other people. Communication is a way of interaction and
sending message or some information through signal. In our life, communication
with other people is very important. The communication is divided into two. They
are verbal and non verbal communication from one person to another person. We
can use words to express what we want to say. In verbal communication, words
are arranged in a meaningful pattern and used for communication. We do not use
words to express what we have in our mind. Instead we can use cues, voice tone,
eye contact, gesture and facial expression in order to communicate. It is also a
way of exchanging thoughts, feeling and emotions. However there is a different
way of communication between women and men which may lead some
misunderstanding. In our surroundings, we can find that women and men do not
communicate in the same way because they think and interpret the same message
differently.
According to Yuliana (1999) “Verbal communication consists of four
skills such as: speaking, reading, listening and writing”. Here the writer tries to
analyze the use of verbal communication that discerns the language as dialogue in
the “tangled movie”: how women main characters in the “tangled movie” perform
speech style. Even though verbal communication is preferred medium and there
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are times where written communication is appropriate and effective. When the
information is complex and the audience is either unimportant or desirable, the
most common type of written communication is: letter, report, memo, note and
proposal. The researcher has found that woman used language style with her own
characteristics when she speaks.
Holmes (1995) stated that “Women and men do not speak in exactly the
same way as each other in the community”. Both of women and men have their
own characteristics and behavior in society. It makes them different in some
aspects, especially in the way they use a language to communicate with other
people. There are some factors that cause the difference of language that is used
by women and men when they speak with other people. One of factors is women
and men have different role and status in society. Both women and men always
use a different language when they speak in order to show their power and place
in society. There are some differences in their choice of vocabulary, words and
grammar.
In this study the researcher focuses on women speech style used by
women main characters in the tangled movie. The researcher focuses on the
dialogues of women main characters. According to Holmes (2001) “Speech style
is one of the elements that cannot be separated in our daily communication for
different topics, different purpose of talking, everyone talks with different styles
although he or she talks about the same thing”. It means that speech styles are
important to use when we communicate with others. Gender has an influence for
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Wul andari |4
women and men language in society. In other words both have different ways in
using language for communication with other people. In modern era the
communication can be done anywhere, anytime, and all ages in the world. Today
writing style is familiar for people in the world. People usually use writing style
by the electric communication or internet connection. For example: people use
mobile phone to do writing style communication with others. It is not only for
sending message but also for updating status and communicating with their distant
friends or family as well as in Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, Path, Line, and so
on. According to Holmes (2001) “style is a choice of code or variety, whether
language dialect or style that can be changed depend on the addresses and the
context”. It means people in the world will product their language differently in
society based on the context and situation. According to Holmes (2001) “Women
language usually deal with politeness and conveying felling, but men language
usually associated used slang language”.
Speech style consists of 5 types based on Martin Joos (1967, cited in
Broderick 1976) theory. There are frozen style, formal style, consultative style,
casual style and intimate style. The writer not only finds that Martin Joos theory
has a relationship with speech style but also there is a nearly same theory of
Nababan (1993). Nababan describes five categories of speech style. There are:
“gaya” or “ragam beku” (frozen), “gaya” or “ragam resmi” (formal), “gaya” or
“ragam usaha” (consultative), “gaya” or “ragam santai” (casual), and “gaya” or
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Wul andari |5
“ragam akrab” (intimate). In the speech style, words are divided into different
kind of classes that called parts of speech based on their use and function in
sentence. There are eight kinds of part of speech: noun, adjective, pronoun, verb,
adverb, preposition, conjunction and interjection (Wren and Martin (1990)). A
noun is a word used as the name of a person, place or thing such as: the rose. An
adjective is a word used to add something to the meaning of a noun such as:
twenty boys. A pronoun is a word used instead of a noun. A verb is a word used to
say something about some person, place or thing such as: wrote, is a big and so
on. An adverb is a word used to add something to the meaning of a verb, an
adjective or another adverb such as: very, quickly. A preposition is a word used
with a noun or a pronoun to show how the person or thing denoted by the noun or
pronoun stands in relation to something else such as: in, of. A conjunction is a
word used to join words or sentences such as: and, but. An interjection is a word
which expresses some sudden feeling.
One of the ways to study about women speech style is the dialogue in the
Tangled movie. Rapunzel is the main character of the Tangled movie. The
Tangled movie was premiered at the El Capitan Theatre on November 14, 2010,
and went into general release on November 24, 2010 in the United State. The
Tangled is a movie of United State and most of the scene in this movie is about
the struggle of Rapunzel. There are six characters in the movie. There are
Rapunzel, Mother Gothel, Flynn Rider, Guards, Stabbington and Captain. Mother
Gothel is an antagonist like a wizard or magician. Rapunzel is not her child but
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Wul andari |6
she takes her as a hostage since she was born in the world. The Tangled movie is
interesting to be analyzed because its plot is not boring for spectators especially
children. Therefore, the writer analyzes women speech style that used by
Rapunzel as the main character in the movie.
The writer considers analyzing the dialogue that used in the movie because
of several reasons. The first, the writer is interested in Tangled movie because
some people tend to analyze war movie or dramatic movie. Second, the writer is
interested in the plot which contains speech style because the writer not finding
another writer analyzed about cartoon film like Tangled movie, many writers
usually analyzed dialogue from war movie or dramatic movie. In order too many
writers analyzed dialogue that used in quiz or forum discussion. The third, the
writer is interested in finding out the types of speech style that used in the
dialogue of Tangled movie especially Rapunzel and Mother Gothel speech
because another writer usually analyze dialogue all main characters in the movie,
but in this study the writer focused in speech style that used of women characters
in the movie. Lakoff (1975) in his book “Language and Women’s place”
investigates how women speak differently than men. The writer argues that
women and men also have and use different speech style and different purpose
when they speak to communicate with others in the Tangled movie. When women
speak something usually she used specific word and long sentence for example:
she speaks about color (green: Tosca, blue: dark blue or aquamarine, and old red:
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Wul andari |7
maroon). But when men speak something usually he used simple word like speak
color (green, blue, and red). So it is why the writer chooses dialogue of Tangled
movie as a subject matter to be analyzed in this study. The writer hopes that this
study can give reader some information and knowledge in sociolinguistics
especially about women speech style that used in the movie.
In addition the study is expected to know specific more of speech style
especially that using women speak with other people and that has value in
sociolinguistics. Thus, the writer makes entitled “Women Speech Styles Used by
the Main Characters in Tangled Movie”. The writer considers to use Martin
(1967, cited in Broderick 1976) theory to support this study and find out their
types of speech style that used in the Tangled movie. In addition, the writer also
uses Lakoff (1975) theory about women language. The writer assumes that Lakoff
theory has been chosen in this study because the theory is more complete and
specific than other theories. Lakoff theory is suitable to deeply analyze women
speech style especially that of the main characters in Tangled movie.
1.2
Statement of the Problem
Based on the background of the study above, in this study the writer
mainly concerned with speech style. Then, she focused on speech style used by
women main characters in Tangled movie. The writer was interested in finding the
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Wul andari |8
answers of the following questions:
1. What types of speech style are used by the woman main characters in
Tangled movie?
2. What are the purposes of using certain speech style in dialogue by the
main characters in Tangled movie?
1.3
Objectives of the Study
Related to the problems of the study, the objectives of the study are to
describe the types of speech style are used by the main characters in their
dialogue. This study also describes the situations when the utterances are uttered.
In line with the problems formulated above, the objectives of the study are:
1. To describe types of speech style those are used by the women main
characters in Tangled movie.
2. To describe the purpose of using certain speech style in dialogue by the
main characters in Tangled movie.
1.4
Significance of the Study
By conducting this research, the writer hopes this study will help the
readers to understand what is happening on the text movie as well as to be familiar
with some aspects of sociolinguistics especially women language style. The writer
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Wul andari |9
also hopes the readers will comprehend some types of speech style that applied in
the Tangled movie. Besides, this study can hopefully improve the movie
researcher’s skill in applying speech style theory to analyze the language of the
movie script. It also can be used as references to other researchers who want to
study deeper about women speech style.
1.5
Scope and Limitation of the Study
This research is sociolinguistics study. It is limited on analysis of main
characters speech style in Tangled movie. The characters are Rapunzel, Mother
Gothel, Flynn, Guards, Stabbington and Captain. The analysis of women language
style is limited on the utterance and focused on speech style of the main characters
dialogue that is Rapunzel (young Rapunzel) and Mother Gothel in the Tangled
movie. For the analysis of the main characters speech styles happen related to the
situation where the conversation appeared. In analyzing the study, the writer uses
Joos theory (1967, cited in Broderick 1976) and Lakoff theory (1975).
1.6
Definitions of Key Terms
Women Speech Style : It is usually the women who are told to change
The women are treated based on the norms for
men (Tannen P.16). A women invalding the
man’s the real in of speech is often considered
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W u l a n d a r i | 10
unfeminine, rude or bitchy.
(faculty.georgetown.edu>githens>tannen)
Main character
: The importance people in a story of any kind:
book, movie, and TV show the most to support the
plot. (www.urbandictionary.com)
Tangled
: Is a 2010 American computer animated, musical
fantasy film produced by Walt Disney Animation
Studios. The film has three active main characters
they are:
Rider.
Rapunzel, Mother Gothel and Flynn
The film tells the story of the long lost
princess Rapunzel who yearns to leave her secluded
tower for an adventure. Against her stepmother’s
wishes she accepts the aid of handsome intruder,
Flynn Rider to take her out into the world which she
has never seen.
(fullmoviesfreedownload.co>tangled-2010)
Movie
: A film shown in a cinema or on television and
often telling a story.
(dictionary.cambridge.org>dictionary)
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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
In this chapter the writer discusses some theories related to the study.
Considering the statement of the problem as explained above, in this part the
writer reviews theories related to the study there are: Sociolinguistics, Language
variation, Speech style, Women language and previous studies.
2.1
Sociolinguistics
The study of language that is related to society is called sociolinguistics
which consists of two words, there are socio means social or related society
and linguistics means science of language. Fishman in Chaer (1995) state that
sociolinguistics is the study of the characteristics of language varieties, the
characteristics of their function and the characteristics of their speakers as
these constantly interact, change and change one another within a speech
community. However language is a complex, and in order words it is enough
just to know the meaning of the sentences uttered but the context of situation
and the context of the culture must be understood such as it is public or
private, formal or informal, and who might be hear the sentences. Language is
something the human need to communicate with each other. As a human
11
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W u l a n d a r i | 12
being, people are impossible to share their intention, feeling and idea that they
have without using language and it is a tool to socialize in life. Sociolinguistics
which is the scope of this study is dealing with the relationship between
language and society. According to Holmes (1992), social factors are as the
following components: the participant who is talking to whom, the setting or
social context, the topic (what is being talked about) and the function that is
the aim or purpose of the interaction.
2.2
Language Variation
Language in society is not expressed in the same ways. Language varies
from one place to another, from one social group to another and from one situation
to another. Nababan (1993) said that there must be simple or even complex
differences in expressing language. Holmes (2008) defines the language variety as
a set of linguistics forms used under specific social circumstances which pattern
according to social factors and includes different accents which contrast with each
other for social reasons. Language variation occurs in the society caused by some
social factors and context. It happens, because of the context where the language is
used and the specific social circumstances around the language (wardhaugh,
2002). Moreover the existence of language variation can be distinguished based on
different external variables. The variation of language itself can be seen from the
form of language, the vocabulary, the grammar, and the style.
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W u l a n d a r i | 13
2.3
Speech Style
In language variation styles are usually analyzed along a scale of formality.
Language has a potentiality for making communication successful and establishing
social togetherness if it is used well. In this study the researcher focus on speech
style and in book from Joos entitled the style of five clocks’ he also divided the
types of style into five styles they are frozen style, formal style, consultative style,
casual style and intimate style.
2.3.1
Frozen Style
According to Joos (1976) frozen style is a style which is intended to be
remembered and used in very formal setting such as in palace, church ritual,
speech of state ceremony, and some other occasion. In fact, frozen style is defined
almost exclusively in terms of its role. Frozen style is purposely ambiguous.
Frozen style invites the reader to enter into a personal experience of creative
discovery. Frozen texts are course literary texts: text which a community insists on
repeating intact. Frozen style is more elaborated than the other style, the sequences
of sentence are complicatedly related frozen style required high skill and almost
used exclusively by lawyers, professional orators and specialist. In frozen style
usually uses long sentences with good grammatical and vocabulary, for example
of frozen style is “I should be glad to be informed of the correct time” (Joos,1976).
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W u l a n d a r i | 14
2.3.2
Formal Style
According to Joos (1976) formal style is generally used in formal situation
where there is the least amount of shared background and the communication in
this style is largely one way with little or no feedback from the audience. In formal
style it is also used addressing audience, indeed the sentence structures are more
complex and varied than consultative. Furthermore the leading code label of this
style is may, such as “may I present Mr.Jimmy?”. The formal style labels are: yes,
sir…… ; okay, sir…… ; and a very few others. A formal text is carefully planned
in advance. The speaker may consider the potential audience during planning, but
pays little attention to the listener during delivery. This careful advance planning
gives formal text “cohesion”. Joos says that the function of a formal text is to
inform individuals separately. Thus formal style is strictly determined by absence
of listener participation: this Joos calls “detachment” (Joos 1976). In another
example of formal style is “Those taking part should sit during the proceeding.
2.3.3
Consultative Style
Consultative style is used in business or in discussing something. A
speaker who uses this style usually does not plan what he wants to say, such as
excuse me, I think it’s really important for me to add about the topic that we
discuss (Haryanto, 2001). Consultative style is a style used in semiformal
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W u l a n d a r i | 15
communication. Consultative style happens in two way participation, it is also
used in small group discussion, regular conversation at school and etc. Usually
listener by giving feedback determines ongoing linguistics choice like “yes, no,
oh, uhhh…uhhh, all right, hmmmm, okay, yeah, I see, I think so and etc. For
example from script:
1. Flynn Rider
Guard
2. Mother Gothel
Rapunzel
: Oh, hay fever?
: Yeah….. Huh? Hay, wait!!! Hey, wait!!!
: Rapunzel !!! Let down your hair !!!
: It’s time I know, I know… come on don’t let her
see you.
2.3.4
Casual Style
Casual style is a style that is used for the conversation in our relaxed or
normal situation. According to Joos (1976) casual style is style used among friends
and co-workers when an informal atmosphere is appropriated and desired such as
outside the classroom where students have a chat. Casual is also a conversational
style, but it is not for strangers. The relationship between speaker and hearer is
close, so they usually use words or term repetition and frequently use ellipse
sentences (Haryanto, 2001). Ellipse sentences focus on the meaning of an
utterance not the structure. Therefore a speaker can be free to speak because it
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W u l a n d a r i | 16
exposes the message of the language in certain situation, such as “Do you enjoy
the party?” have meaning “enjoy it?”. In another example of casual style from
movie script:
2.3.5
Mother Gothel
: Do you understand, Flower?
Rapunzel
: Yes, mommy.
Intimate Style
Intimate style manifests extreme structural simplicity, it is characterized by
what Joos calls extraction. Joos also asserts that intimate style is characterized by
a stable list of words with private meanings share only by a small group usually a
pair (Broderick). Intimate style is completely private language developed within
families, lovers and friends. Intimate style is an intimate utterance avoids giving
the addressee information outside of the speakers (Joos, 1976). There are two
systematic features of intimate style, first is extraction and the second is jargon.
Extraction is the speaker extract a minimum pattern from some conceivable casual
sentence such as the utterance“eng”, it is empty word and no dictionary meaning
but serve as a code label for intimate style (Joos, 1976). The intimate labels are:
darling, dear, honey, mom or dad and other nicknames. The next Jargon is
technical vocabulary associated with special activity or group, and jargon used to
show the secret language between the same professional people. Usually we can
find jargon in hospital and chemistry manufacture (make or production medicine).
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W u l a n d a r i | 17
In another example intimate style from movie script:
Rapunzel
: Coming mother. Hi…..welcome home mother.
Mother Gothel
: Uh,, Rapunzel!!!
It looks absolutely exhausting, darling.
2.4
Women Language
Women usually it’s specific when she speaks. In which lady contrasts with
woman is in titles of organizations. Lady will replace woman as the primary word
for the human female, since woman will have become too blatantly sexual
(Lakoff, 1975). This brings us to the consideration of another common substitute
for woman, namely girl.
Women experience linguistics discriminations in the way they are taught to
use language and in the way general language treats them (Lakoff, 1975). Usually
women’s language indicates the characteristics of women’s behavior because not
only someone language show their role in the society, but also women should has
certain speech style when their doing communication with other people in society.
Women used more standard form of four reasons they are: to social class and its
related status, women role in society, women status as subordinate group and
relates with the function of speech expressing masculinity. In this study standard
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W u l a n d a r i | 18
language is generally one which is written and which has undergone some degree
of regularization or codification (grammar and dictionary).
It is recognized as a prestigious variety or code by community and it serves
high-functions that it is used for communication at court for literature and for
administration (Holmes, 2008). Standard forms when speech is associated with
high social status and then women used them as way of claiming such as status.
Women who work outside are habitually interacted or communicated with other
people, who used standard forms too. Women use of more standard forms is
related with their place to be the subordinate group. According to Holmes (1995)
by using more standard speech, women are looking after their need to be value by
the society and avoiding offence to others. Standard form also an associated with
female values (femininity) and women do not use vernacular forms because they
do not want the society looks their masculinity than femininity. In contrast, nonstandard form is defined as one which is considered as lower variety and serves
low functions in society. One of the characteristics of non standard language is
vernacular language. Vernacular language is defined as a first language learned by
people in multilingual communities and it is often used for relatively narrow range
of informal function (Holmes, 2008).
2.4.1
Lexical Items
Lexical item or lexical unit is a single word, a part of word or a chain of
words that forms the basic elements of language’s lexicon (vocabulary) such as
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W u l a n d a r i | 19
traffic light, take care of, by the way and etc. Lexical item can be generally
understood to convey a single meaning, but are not limited to single words.
Common types of lexical items are:
1. Words, example: cat, tree, table.
2. Parts of words, example: (-s) in trees, (-er) in worker, (non –in)
nondescript, (-est.) in loudest.
3. Phrasal verbs, example: put down or get out.
4. Poly words, example: by the way, inside out.
5. Collocations, example: motor vehicle absolutely convinced.
6. Institutionalized utterances, example: I will get it, we will see,
would you like a cup of coffee?
7. Idioms, example: break a leg, a bitter pill to swallow.
8. Saying, example: The early bird gets the worm.
9. Sentence frames and heads, example: that is not as……. as you
think.
10. Text frame, example: Firstly….. , secondly……, finally…..
2.4.2
Color Terms
There is a difference between the use of color terms by women and men.
Women usually mention a specific color term such as maroon, magenta, and
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W u l a n d a r i | 20
aquamarine. Meanwhile, men tend to mention a general color term such as red,
green and blue.
2.4.3
Particles
A particle is a word or a part of a word that has a grammatical purpose but
often has little or no meaning. A particle is a word that does not change its form
through inflection and does not easily fit into the established system of part of
speech. Many particles are closely to verbs to form multi word verb, such as go
away (Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics, 2008). Particles are function words
that express grammatical relationships with other words. Function words are
words that perform definite grammatical functions but that lack definite lexical
meaning.
2.4.4
Evaluative Adjective
Evaluative adjectives maintain their individual-level interpretation. The
finding that evaluative control structures are property-denoting and lack event
structure is inconsistent with Stowell’s second claim, that the infinitival clause is a
thematic argument of the adjective (Kertz, Laura, 2006). Evaluative adjectives like
smart form a coherent semantic and syntactic class, distinct from „normal’ control
adjectives like eager. Evaluative adjectives are one-place property-denoting
predicates, which retain their individual-level reading when combined with an
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W u l a n d a r i | 21
infinitival clause. These facts are incompatible with a coercion analysis (Stowell
1991) intended to explain a semantic relativization effect observed with these
predicates. Evaluative adjectives combine with two types of adjunct show distinct
syntactic and semantic behaviors.
2.5
Previous studies
This research has three previous studies there are: Firstly from Damayanti,
Maulina with title The study of HelmiYahya’s and Alya Rohali’s Speech Style in
Siapa Berani quiz on Indosiar (2009th). In her study, she focuses on two problems
which are what type of Helmi Yahya’s and Alya Rohali’s speech style and which
speech style is typical to certain context of situation. In her study, she also using
qualitative study and she applied Martin Joos Theory of speech style as her main
theory which combined with Gleeason and Kridalaksana’s theory. Through
analysis she found four types of speech style in that television quiz, they are
formal, consultative, casual and frozen. Moreover from the analysis she also
found that certain speech style is typical to certain context of situation.
Secondly previous study from Pratiwi, Anggit with title Speech Style
performed by the hosts of Master Chef Indonesia season 3 cooking talent shows
(2014th). In her study, she focuses on two problems which are what are types of
speech style that are used by the hosts in Master Chef Indonesia season 3and what
type of speech style that is mostly used in the shows. In her study, she used the
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W u l a n d a r i | 22
main theory of speech style by Martin Joos (1967, cited in Broderick 1976) and
also supporting theories of standard – non standard of Bahasa Indonesia by
Kridalaksana (1989) and Chaer and Agustina (2004) as the data of her study are in
the form of Bahasa Indonesia. The result of her study is the type of speech style
that were mostly used by the hosts “consultative style” in 95 (ninety five)
utterance or 66% (sixty six percent), followed by “casual style” in 31 (thirty one)
utterance or 21,5% (twenty one point five percent), and the last is “formal style”
in 18 (eighteen) utterance or 12,5% (twelve point five percent). Finally the result
of speech style that were mostly used in the shows is “consultative style” in 95
(ninety five) utterance 66% (sixty six percent).
And the last previous study from Putri, Amelia Permata with title Speech
Style of Alice Kingsley in the movie Alice in Wonderland (2014th) . In her study
focuses on two problems which are How Alice Kingsley’s Speech Style toward
each characters in the movie Alice Kingsley’s in Wonderland is and What factors
influence Alice Speech Style in that film. In her study, she using qualitative
method and SPEAKING theory proposed by Dell Hymes. Then the result gotten
from this study shows that Alice speaks casually towards the characters in that
movie. She only speaks formally to one character in one of speech event cases of
certain characters. It can be said that Alice also speak casually to 18 (eighteen)
characters in that movie. In that movie Alice also uses two kinds of speech style to
three characters and each kind depends on the case of the speech situation. Formal
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W u l a n d a r i | 23
speech style does not always happen in a formal place or vice versa. This goes the
same with the other aspect of SPEAKING from Dell Hymes theory.
Based on the third previous study above, the writer concludes that used the
same theory from Martin Joos and be needed to know that as main theory which
classifies language style focuses on speech style into fives style, there are frozen
style, formal style, casual style, consultative style and intimate style. The this
study has difference with third previous study above, the writer only focuses on
main characters of women speech style there are Rapunzel and Mother Gothel in
Tangled movie and like with Pratiwi, Anggit the writer also used descriptive
qualitative research and applied of speech style from Joos theory. In this study the
writer not only used from Joos theory of speech style as main theory, but also
which combined with Lakoff (1975) theory because to know that used of women
main characters in Tangled movie and to support the result this study. These
previous studies can helped the present writer to identify the women speech style
based on theory.
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CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHOD
This chapter presents the way how this study will be arranged and deals
with the method that the writer applied in this study. It comprises research design,
source of data, research instrument, technique of data collection and technique of
data analysis.
3.1
Research Design
This study was aim to understanding about women speech style also
associated with language which has relationship with society especially in Tangled
movie and so this study has been conducted in descriptive qualitative research.
This study use descriptive qualitative since it is gathering the data of woman
language style used by the main characters in Tangled movie and another sources
related with the research.
The writer use descriptive qualitative research because the data in the
research in form of words on the dialogue of the movie. This study observed only
focus about how women speak in dialogue Tangled movie and the descriptive
qualitative approach was more relevant to conduct with study since the data source
take from text dialogue of Tangled movie script. The writer used the movie script
(in more general term those were classified into document). The utterances are
24
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W u l a n d a r i | 25
analyses descriptively to describe, investigate and to explain in detail the
phenomena of utterances based on speech style by Joos theory.
3.2
Source of Data
In this study the writer needs data and gets the data from movie entitle
“Tangled” in years 2010th. The source of data was use Tangled movie script and
types of data was the writer choose dialogue especially focus in women main
characters
speech.
The
Tangled
movie
script
downloaded
on
www.fullmoviesfreedownload/co>tangled-2010. The primary data of this study
are the main characters’ utterances suggesting speech style. The writer also
downloaded Tangled movie on www.pages.drexel.edu.com to watching and
matching with the movie script.
3.3
Research Instrument
In this study using descriptive qualitative researcher and the writer only
uses human instrument. The writer becomes the human instrument in collecting
the data. In a qualitative research the instrument of the research was the researcher
herself with or without the help of other people (Moleong, 2001).
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W u l a n d a r i | 26
3.4
Technique of Data Collection
In this study the writer took a part analyzes the data of this study, and the
writer colleting the data was document analysis. The writer has steps as follow to
get the data which are:
1. Open internet from computer the writer’s, searching in internet with
chooses Google and writes down subtitle of movie.
2. The writer chooses only one article title from Google, then the writer
reading of plot and summary about Tangled movie and saved that.
3. Open
new
web
then
the
writer
typing
www.fullmoviesfree.download.co>tangled-2010.
4. Downloaded Tangled script movie and saved the data in computer.
5. Open new web again to searching Tangled movie and downloaded on
www.pages.drexel.edu.com then saved.
6. Print out Tangled script movie and the writer reading movie script only
focuses on women speech style of main characters.
7. The writer doing classified then find out the speech style of the data
based on appropriated kinds of speech styles from Joos’ theory.
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W u l a n d a r i | 27
3.5
Technique of Data Analysis
Technique of Data analysis is the next process after the Technique of data
collection. In this process, the writer did some procedures to get a clear description
of data analysis.
1. To analyzing the data, the writer using print out Tangled movie script an
CHARACTERS IN TANGLED MOVIE
THESIS
Submitted as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Sarjana Degree
of English Department Faculty of Letters and Humanities UIN Sunan Ampel
Surabaya
By:
LINDY EKA WULANDARI
Reg. Number : A83211156
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF LETTERS AND HUMANITIES
THE STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF SUNAN AMPEL
SURABAYA
2016
A STUDY OF WOMEN SPEECH STYLE USED BY THE MAIN
CHARACTERS IN TANGLED MOVIE
THESIS
Submitted as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Sarjana Degree
of English Department Faculty of Letters and Humanities UIN Sunan Ampel
Surabaya
By:
LINDY EKA WULANDARI
Reg. Number : A83211156
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF LETTERS AND HUMANITIES
THE STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF SUNAN AMPEL
SURABAYA
2016
ABSTRACT
Wulandari, Lindy Eka. 2016. A Study of Women Speech Style Used by The Main
Characters in Tangled Movie. English Department. Faculty of Letter and
Humanities. State of Islamic University Sunan Ampel Surabaya.
Thesis Advisor
: Dr. H. A. Dzo’ul Milal, M.Pd.
Key Words
: Women Speech Style, Main Character, Tangled, and
Movie.
The language is the main factor to communicate and interact with other
people in the world. Human can share information from one other to other people
using a language. The language which used by people in the world usually has many
differences. Those are differences can we find in daily activities such as when women
spoke with men. definite the women used language more complicated and long
sentences, but if the men spoke always used simple sentences or easier to understand.
In this study the writer focuses on women speech style used by the main
characters in Tangled movie. The writer is also interested in investigating types of
speech style that used by Rapunzel and Mother Gothel in Tangled movie and also the
purpose the women used those style. The research problems of the study are: 1.) what
types of speech style are used by the women main characters in Tangled movie, 2.)
what are the purpose of using certain speech style in dialogue by the main characters
in Tangled movie.
The data of this study are obtained through Tangled movie which focuses on
women main characters in Tangled movie and the writer used descriptive qualitative
approach. In analyzing the data the writer used theories by Martin Joos (1976) and
supporting theories by Robin Lakoff (1973). There were twenty two conversations of
women speech style.
The writer found there are three types of women speech style that used by
women main characters, those are style: twelve utterances of consultative style, seven
utterances of casual style and three utterances of intimate style. And the purpose the
women main characters used three types of speech style, because those style is easier
to understand for spectators. To next writer can be examine the women speech style
can choosing the other topic in social media communication (such as: instagram,
path, line, facebook, and email), and use other theories.
digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id
Intisari
Wulandari, Lindy Eka. 2016. A Study of Women Speech Style Used by The Main
Characters in Tangled Movie. English Department. Faculty of Letter and
Humanities. State of Islamic University Sunan Ampel Surabaya.
Thesis Advisor
: Dr. H. A. Dzo’ul Milal, M.Pd.
Key Words
: Women Speech Style, Main Character, Tangled, and
Movie.
Bahasa adalah faktor utama untuk berkomunikasi and berinteraksi dengan
orang lain di dunia. Manusia dapat memberikan informasi dari satu orang ke orang
lain menggunankan bahasa. Bahasa yang digunakan oleh orang-orang di dunia selalu
memiliki banyak perbedaan. Perbedaan itu dapat kita temukan di aktifitas sehari-hari
seperti saat wanita berbicara dengan laki-laki. Pastinya wanita menggunakan bahasa
yang rumit dan kalimat yang panjang, tetapi jika laki-laki berbicara selalu
menggunakan bahasa yang sederhana atau mudah untuk dimengerti.
Dalam pembelajaran ini penulis memusatkan pada gaya berbicara wanita yang
digunakan peran utama di film Tangled. Penulis juga tertarik untuk menyelidiki
macam-macam gaya berbicara oleh Rapunzel dan Mother Gothel di film Tangled dan
juga tujuan wanita menggunakan gaya berbicara itu. Masalah-masalah yang terdapat
pada penelitian : 1.) Gaya berbicara apa yang digunakan oleh peran utama wanita di
film Tangled, 2.) Apa tujuan dari menggunakan beberapa gaya berbicara di
percakapan oleh peran utama film Tangled.
Data dari pembelajaran ini diperoleh melalui film Tangled yang memusatkan
pada peran utama wanita di film Tangled dan penulis menggunakan pendekatan
deskriptif kualitatif. Penulis menganalisis di data ini menggunakan teori dari Martin
Joos (1976) dan teori pendukung dari Robin Lakoff (1973). Ada dua puluh dua
percakapan dari gaya berbicara wanita.
Penulis menemukan tiga macam dari gaya berbicara wanita yang di gunakan
peran utama wanita, itu adalah gaya: dua belas ungkapan dari gaya consultative
(penasihat), tujuh ungkapan dari gaya kasual (santai), dan tiga ungkapan dari gaya
intimate (akrab/karib). Dan tujuan peran wanita menggunakan tiga macam gaya
berbicara karena ketiga gaya berbicara itu mudah untuk dimengerti penonton. Untuk
penulis berikutnya dapat memeriksa gaya berbicara wanita yang dapat memilih pokok
pembahasan di komunikasi media social (seperti: instagram, path, line, facebook, dan
email), dan menggunakan teori lain.
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63
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Inside Cover Page ……………………………………………………………… i
Motto ……………………………………………………………………………
ii
Declaration Page ……………………………………………………………….. iii
Dedication Page ………………………………………………………………… iv
Acknowledgement ……………………………………………………………… v
Thesis Advisor’s Approval Page ………………………………………………. vi
Thesis Examiner’s Approval Page …………………………………………….. vii
Table of Contents ………………………………………………………………. viii
Abstract …………………………………………………………………………
xi
Intisari …………………………………………………………………………..
xii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background of the Study ……………………………………………….
1
1.2
Statement of the Problems ...……………………………………………
7
1.3
Objectives of the Study ………………………………………………….
8
1.4
Significance of the Study ……………………………………………….
8
1.5
Scope and Limitation of the Study ……………………………………...
9
1.6
Definition of Key Terms ………………………………………………..
9
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELEATED LITERATURE
2.1
Sociolinguistics ………………………………………………………….
11
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64
2.2
Language Variation ……………………………………………………… 12
2.3
Speech Style ……………………………………………………………..
13
2.3.1 Frozen Style ……………………………………………………..
13
2.3.2
Formal Style ……………………………………………………..
14
2.3.3
Consultative Style ……………………………………………….
14
2.3.4
Casual Style ……………………………………………………..
15
2.3.5
Intimate Style …………………………………………………....
16
Women Language ……………………………………………………….
17
2.4.1
Lexical Item ……………………………………………………..
18
2.4.2
Color Item ……………………………………………………….
19
2.4.3
Particles ………………………………………………………….
20
2.4
2.4.4 Evaluative Adjective …………………………………………….. 20
2.5
Previous Study …………………………………………………………… 21
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD
3.1
Research Design …………………………………………………………
24
3.2
Source of Data …………………………………………………………...
25
3.3
Research Instrument ……………………………………………………..
25
3.4
Technique of data Collection ……………………………………………
26
3.5
Technique of Data Analysis ……………………………………………..
27
CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
4.1
Findings ………………………………………………………………….. 28
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65
4.1.1
Speech Style
4.1.1.1 Frozen Style ……………………………………………… 28
4.1.1.2 Formal Style …………………………………………….... 29
4.1.1.3 Consultative Style ……………………………………..…. 29
4.1.1.4 Casual Style ……………………………………………. 39
4.1.1.5 Intimate Style ……………………………………….……. 44
4.1.2
Purpose of Using Women’s Language by Lakoff (1973) used
Women Main Characters in Tangled Movie ……………….……. 47
4.2
Discussion ………………………………………………………………… 48
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
5.1
Conclusion ………………………………………………………………. 51
5.3
Suggestion ……………………………………………………………….
52
REFERENCES ………………………………………………………………….. 53
APPENDIX I ……………………………………………………………………. 55
APPENDIX II ……………………………...…………………………………..... 63
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background of the Study
Human life cannot be separated from communication. Language is the
main factor to communicate and interact with other people in the world. Human
can share information from one to other people using a language. Actually when
we communicate with other people, we always use sound to speak. It makes other
people easier to know what is the meaning of we speak.
Francis (1958) said that “a language in an arbitrary system of articulated
sounds made use of by a group of humans as a means of crying on the affair of
theirs socially”. Based on the definition above, it can be known that language is a
part of human life. The subject matter of linguistics is a language. It is a social
human behavior. Wardhaugh (2006) said “a language is what the members of a
particular society speak”. It means human uses language to communicate with
other people in society. Since language is an important thing, the communication
should be understood very well to avoid misunderstanding. Communication
occurs in many forms. It has an important role in life. Nobody can live without
communication with other people in the world.
1
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According to Cooles (1909), “communication is mechanism through
which human relation exists and develops”. It means that human beings are social
creatures by nature. They cannot live without other people. In other words, human
always needs help from other people. Communication is a way of interaction and
sending message or some information through signal. In our life, communication
with other people is very important. The communication is divided into two. They
are verbal and non verbal communication from one person to another person. We
can use words to express what we want to say. In verbal communication, words
are arranged in a meaningful pattern and used for communication. We do not use
words to express what we have in our mind. Instead we can use cues, voice tone,
eye contact, gesture and facial expression in order to communicate. It is also a
way of exchanging thoughts, feeling and emotions. However there is a different
way of communication between women and men which may lead some
misunderstanding. In our surroundings, we can find that women and men do not
communicate in the same way because they think and interpret the same message
differently.
According to Yuliana (1999) “Verbal communication consists of four
skills such as: speaking, reading, listening and writing”. Here the writer tries to
analyze the use of verbal communication that discerns the language as dialogue in
the “tangled movie”: how women main characters in the “tangled movie” perform
speech style. Even though verbal communication is preferred medium and there
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are times where written communication is appropriate and effective. When the
information is complex and the audience is either unimportant or desirable, the
most common type of written communication is: letter, report, memo, note and
proposal. The researcher has found that woman used language style with her own
characteristics when she speaks.
Holmes (1995) stated that “Women and men do not speak in exactly the
same way as each other in the community”. Both of women and men have their
own characteristics and behavior in society. It makes them different in some
aspects, especially in the way they use a language to communicate with other
people. There are some factors that cause the difference of language that is used
by women and men when they speak with other people. One of factors is women
and men have different role and status in society. Both women and men always
use a different language when they speak in order to show their power and place
in society. There are some differences in their choice of vocabulary, words and
grammar.
In this study the researcher focuses on women speech style used by
women main characters in the tangled movie. The researcher focuses on the
dialogues of women main characters. According to Holmes (2001) “Speech style
is one of the elements that cannot be separated in our daily communication for
different topics, different purpose of talking, everyone talks with different styles
although he or she talks about the same thing”. It means that speech styles are
important to use when we communicate with others. Gender has an influence for
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women and men language in society. In other words both have different ways in
using language for communication with other people. In modern era the
communication can be done anywhere, anytime, and all ages in the world. Today
writing style is familiar for people in the world. People usually use writing style
by the electric communication or internet connection. For example: people use
mobile phone to do writing style communication with others. It is not only for
sending message but also for updating status and communicating with their distant
friends or family as well as in Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, Path, Line, and so
on. According to Holmes (2001) “style is a choice of code or variety, whether
language dialect or style that can be changed depend on the addresses and the
context”. It means people in the world will product their language differently in
society based on the context and situation. According to Holmes (2001) “Women
language usually deal with politeness and conveying felling, but men language
usually associated used slang language”.
Speech style consists of 5 types based on Martin Joos (1967, cited in
Broderick 1976) theory. There are frozen style, formal style, consultative style,
casual style and intimate style. The writer not only finds that Martin Joos theory
has a relationship with speech style but also there is a nearly same theory of
Nababan (1993). Nababan describes five categories of speech style. There are:
“gaya” or “ragam beku” (frozen), “gaya” or “ragam resmi” (formal), “gaya” or
“ragam usaha” (consultative), “gaya” or “ragam santai” (casual), and “gaya” or
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“ragam akrab” (intimate). In the speech style, words are divided into different
kind of classes that called parts of speech based on their use and function in
sentence. There are eight kinds of part of speech: noun, adjective, pronoun, verb,
adverb, preposition, conjunction and interjection (Wren and Martin (1990)). A
noun is a word used as the name of a person, place or thing such as: the rose. An
adjective is a word used to add something to the meaning of a noun such as:
twenty boys. A pronoun is a word used instead of a noun. A verb is a word used to
say something about some person, place or thing such as: wrote, is a big and so
on. An adverb is a word used to add something to the meaning of a verb, an
adjective or another adverb such as: very, quickly. A preposition is a word used
with a noun or a pronoun to show how the person or thing denoted by the noun or
pronoun stands in relation to something else such as: in, of. A conjunction is a
word used to join words or sentences such as: and, but. An interjection is a word
which expresses some sudden feeling.
One of the ways to study about women speech style is the dialogue in the
Tangled movie. Rapunzel is the main character of the Tangled movie. The
Tangled movie was premiered at the El Capitan Theatre on November 14, 2010,
and went into general release on November 24, 2010 in the United State. The
Tangled is a movie of United State and most of the scene in this movie is about
the struggle of Rapunzel. There are six characters in the movie. There are
Rapunzel, Mother Gothel, Flynn Rider, Guards, Stabbington and Captain. Mother
Gothel is an antagonist like a wizard or magician. Rapunzel is not her child but
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she takes her as a hostage since she was born in the world. The Tangled movie is
interesting to be analyzed because its plot is not boring for spectators especially
children. Therefore, the writer analyzes women speech style that used by
Rapunzel as the main character in the movie.
The writer considers analyzing the dialogue that used in the movie because
of several reasons. The first, the writer is interested in Tangled movie because
some people tend to analyze war movie or dramatic movie. Second, the writer is
interested in the plot which contains speech style because the writer not finding
another writer analyzed about cartoon film like Tangled movie, many writers
usually analyzed dialogue from war movie or dramatic movie. In order too many
writers analyzed dialogue that used in quiz or forum discussion. The third, the
writer is interested in finding out the types of speech style that used in the
dialogue of Tangled movie especially Rapunzel and Mother Gothel speech
because another writer usually analyze dialogue all main characters in the movie,
but in this study the writer focused in speech style that used of women characters
in the movie. Lakoff (1975) in his book “Language and Women’s place”
investigates how women speak differently than men. The writer argues that
women and men also have and use different speech style and different purpose
when they speak to communicate with others in the Tangled movie. When women
speak something usually she used specific word and long sentence for example:
she speaks about color (green: Tosca, blue: dark blue or aquamarine, and old red:
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maroon). But when men speak something usually he used simple word like speak
color (green, blue, and red). So it is why the writer chooses dialogue of Tangled
movie as a subject matter to be analyzed in this study. The writer hopes that this
study can give reader some information and knowledge in sociolinguistics
especially about women speech style that used in the movie.
In addition the study is expected to know specific more of speech style
especially that using women speak with other people and that has value in
sociolinguistics. Thus, the writer makes entitled “Women Speech Styles Used by
the Main Characters in Tangled Movie”. The writer considers to use Martin
(1967, cited in Broderick 1976) theory to support this study and find out their
types of speech style that used in the Tangled movie. In addition, the writer also
uses Lakoff (1975) theory about women language. The writer assumes that Lakoff
theory has been chosen in this study because the theory is more complete and
specific than other theories. Lakoff theory is suitable to deeply analyze women
speech style especially that of the main characters in Tangled movie.
1.2
Statement of the Problem
Based on the background of the study above, in this study the writer
mainly concerned with speech style. Then, she focused on speech style used by
women main characters in Tangled movie. The writer was interested in finding the
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answers of the following questions:
1. What types of speech style are used by the woman main characters in
Tangled movie?
2. What are the purposes of using certain speech style in dialogue by the
main characters in Tangled movie?
1.3
Objectives of the Study
Related to the problems of the study, the objectives of the study are to
describe the types of speech style are used by the main characters in their
dialogue. This study also describes the situations when the utterances are uttered.
In line with the problems formulated above, the objectives of the study are:
1. To describe types of speech style those are used by the women main
characters in Tangled movie.
2. To describe the purpose of using certain speech style in dialogue by the
main characters in Tangled movie.
1.4
Significance of the Study
By conducting this research, the writer hopes this study will help the
readers to understand what is happening on the text movie as well as to be familiar
with some aspects of sociolinguistics especially women language style. The writer
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also hopes the readers will comprehend some types of speech style that applied in
the Tangled movie. Besides, this study can hopefully improve the movie
researcher’s skill in applying speech style theory to analyze the language of the
movie script. It also can be used as references to other researchers who want to
study deeper about women speech style.
1.5
Scope and Limitation of the Study
This research is sociolinguistics study. It is limited on analysis of main
characters speech style in Tangled movie. The characters are Rapunzel, Mother
Gothel, Flynn, Guards, Stabbington and Captain. The analysis of women language
style is limited on the utterance and focused on speech style of the main characters
dialogue that is Rapunzel (young Rapunzel) and Mother Gothel in the Tangled
movie. For the analysis of the main characters speech styles happen related to the
situation where the conversation appeared. In analyzing the study, the writer uses
Joos theory (1967, cited in Broderick 1976) and Lakoff theory (1975).
1.6
Definitions of Key Terms
Women Speech Style : It is usually the women who are told to change
The women are treated based on the norms for
men (Tannen P.16). A women invalding the
man’s the real in of speech is often considered
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unfeminine, rude or bitchy.
(faculty.georgetown.edu>githens>tannen)
Main character
: The importance people in a story of any kind:
book, movie, and TV show the most to support the
plot. (www.urbandictionary.com)
Tangled
: Is a 2010 American computer animated, musical
fantasy film produced by Walt Disney Animation
Studios. The film has three active main characters
they are:
Rider.
Rapunzel, Mother Gothel and Flynn
The film tells the story of the long lost
princess Rapunzel who yearns to leave her secluded
tower for an adventure. Against her stepmother’s
wishes she accepts the aid of handsome intruder,
Flynn Rider to take her out into the world which she
has never seen.
(fullmoviesfreedownload.co>tangled-2010)
Movie
: A film shown in a cinema or on television and
often telling a story.
(dictionary.cambridge.org>dictionary)
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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
In this chapter the writer discusses some theories related to the study.
Considering the statement of the problem as explained above, in this part the
writer reviews theories related to the study there are: Sociolinguistics, Language
variation, Speech style, Women language and previous studies.
2.1
Sociolinguistics
The study of language that is related to society is called sociolinguistics
which consists of two words, there are socio means social or related society
and linguistics means science of language. Fishman in Chaer (1995) state that
sociolinguistics is the study of the characteristics of language varieties, the
characteristics of their function and the characteristics of their speakers as
these constantly interact, change and change one another within a speech
community. However language is a complex, and in order words it is enough
just to know the meaning of the sentences uttered but the context of situation
and the context of the culture must be understood such as it is public or
private, formal or informal, and who might be hear the sentences. Language is
something the human need to communicate with each other. As a human
11
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being, people are impossible to share their intention, feeling and idea that they
have without using language and it is a tool to socialize in life. Sociolinguistics
which is the scope of this study is dealing with the relationship between
language and society. According to Holmes (1992), social factors are as the
following components: the participant who is talking to whom, the setting or
social context, the topic (what is being talked about) and the function that is
the aim or purpose of the interaction.
2.2
Language Variation
Language in society is not expressed in the same ways. Language varies
from one place to another, from one social group to another and from one situation
to another. Nababan (1993) said that there must be simple or even complex
differences in expressing language. Holmes (2008) defines the language variety as
a set of linguistics forms used under specific social circumstances which pattern
according to social factors and includes different accents which contrast with each
other for social reasons. Language variation occurs in the society caused by some
social factors and context. It happens, because of the context where the language is
used and the specific social circumstances around the language (wardhaugh,
2002). Moreover the existence of language variation can be distinguished based on
different external variables. The variation of language itself can be seen from the
form of language, the vocabulary, the grammar, and the style.
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2.3
Speech Style
In language variation styles are usually analyzed along a scale of formality.
Language has a potentiality for making communication successful and establishing
social togetherness if it is used well. In this study the researcher focus on speech
style and in book from Joos entitled the style of five clocks’ he also divided the
types of style into five styles they are frozen style, formal style, consultative style,
casual style and intimate style.
2.3.1
Frozen Style
According to Joos (1976) frozen style is a style which is intended to be
remembered and used in very formal setting such as in palace, church ritual,
speech of state ceremony, and some other occasion. In fact, frozen style is defined
almost exclusively in terms of its role. Frozen style is purposely ambiguous.
Frozen style invites the reader to enter into a personal experience of creative
discovery. Frozen texts are course literary texts: text which a community insists on
repeating intact. Frozen style is more elaborated than the other style, the sequences
of sentence are complicatedly related frozen style required high skill and almost
used exclusively by lawyers, professional orators and specialist. In frozen style
usually uses long sentences with good grammatical and vocabulary, for example
of frozen style is “I should be glad to be informed of the correct time” (Joos,1976).
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2.3.2
Formal Style
According to Joos (1976) formal style is generally used in formal situation
where there is the least amount of shared background and the communication in
this style is largely one way with little or no feedback from the audience. In formal
style it is also used addressing audience, indeed the sentence structures are more
complex and varied than consultative. Furthermore the leading code label of this
style is may, such as “may I present Mr.Jimmy?”. The formal style labels are: yes,
sir…… ; okay, sir…… ; and a very few others. A formal text is carefully planned
in advance. The speaker may consider the potential audience during planning, but
pays little attention to the listener during delivery. This careful advance planning
gives formal text “cohesion”. Joos says that the function of a formal text is to
inform individuals separately. Thus formal style is strictly determined by absence
of listener participation: this Joos calls “detachment” (Joos 1976). In another
example of formal style is “Those taking part should sit during the proceeding.
2.3.3
Consultative Style
Consultative style is used in business or in discussing something. A
speaker who uses this style usually does not plan what he wants to say, such as
excuse me, I think it’s really important for me to add about the topic that we
discuss (Haryanto, 2001). Consultative style is a style used in semiformal
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communication. Consultative style happens in two way participation, it is also
used in small group discussion, regular conversation at school and etc. Usually
listener by giving feedback determines ongoing linguistics choice like “yes, no,
oh, uhhh…uhhh, all right, hmmmm, okay, yeah, I see, I think so and etc. For
example from script:
1. Flynn Rider
Guard
2. Mother Gothel
Rapunzel
: Oh, hay fever?
: Yeah….. Huh? Hay, wait!!! Hey, wait!!!
: Rapunzel !!! Let down your hair !!!
: It’s time I know, I know… come on don’t let her
see you.
2.3.4
Casual Style
Casual style is a style that is used for the conversation in our relaxed or
normal situation. According to Joos (1976) casual style is style used among friends
and co-workers when an informal atmosphere is appropriated and desired such as
outside the classroom where students have a chat. Casual is also a conversational
style, but it is not for strangers. The relationship between speaker and hearer is
close, so they usually use words or term repetition and frequently use ellipse
sentences (Haryanto, 2001). Ellipse sentences focus on the meaning of an
utterance not the structure. Therefore a speaker can be free to speak because it
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W u l a n d a r i | 16
exposes the message of the language in certain situation, such as “Do you enjoy
the party?” have meaning “enjoy it?”. In another example of casual style from
movie script:
2.3.5
Mother Gothel
: Do you understand, Flower?
Rapunzel
: Yes, mommy.
Intimate Style
Intimate style manifests extreme structural simplicity, it is characterized by
what Joos calls extraction. Joos also asserts that intimate style is characterized by
a stable list of words with private meanings share only by a small group usually a
pair (Broderick). Intimate style is completely private language developed within
families, lovers and friends. Intimate style is an intimate utterance avoids giving
the addressee information outside of the speakers (Joos, 1976). There are two
systematic features of intimate style, first is extraction and the second is jargon.
Extraction is the speaker extract a minimum pattern from some conceivable casual
sentence such as the utterance“eng”, it is empty word and no dictionary meaning
but serve as a code label for intimate style (Joos, 1976). The intimate labels are:
darling, dear, honey, mom or dad and other nicknames. The next Jargon is
technical vocabulary associated with special activity or group, and jargon used to
show the secret language between the same professional people. Usually we can
find jargon in hospital and chemistry manufacture (make or production medicine).
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In another example intimate style from movie script:
Rapunzel
: Coming mother. Hi…..welcome home mother.
Mother Gothel
: Uh,, Rapunzel!!!
It looks absolutely exhausting, darling.
2.4
Women Language
Women usually it’s specific when she speaks. In which lady contrasts with
woman is in titles of organizations. Lady will replace woman as the primary word
for the human female, since woman will have become too blatantly sexual
(Lakoff, 1975). This brings us to the consideration of another common substitute
for woman, namely girl.
Women experience linguistics discriminations in the way they are taught to
use language and in the way general language treats them (Lakoff, 1975). Usually
women’s language indicates the characteristics of women’s behavior because not
only someone language show their role in the society, but also women should has
certain speech style when their doing communication with other people in society.
Women used more standard form of four reasons they are: to social class and its
related status, women role in society, women status as subordinate group and
relates with the function of speech expressing masculinity. In this study standard
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language is generally one which is written and which has undergone some degree
of regularization or codification (grammar and dictionary).
It is recognized as a prestigious variety or code by community and it serves
high-functions that it is used for communication at court for literature and for
administration (Holmes, 2008). Standard forms when speech is associated with
high social status and then women used them as way of claiming such as status.
Women who work outside are habitually interacted or communicated with other
people, who used standard forms too. Women use of more standard forms is
related with their place to be the subordinate group. According to Holmes (1995)
by using more standard speech, women are looking after their need to be value by
the society and avoiding offence to others. Standard form also an associated with
female values (femininity) and women do not use vernacular forms because they
do not want the society looks their masculinity than femininity. In contrast, nonstandard form is defined as one which is considered as lower variety and serves
low functions in society. One of the characteristics of non standard language is
vernacular language. Vernacular language is defined as a first language learned by
people in multilingual communities and it is often used for relatively narrow range
of informal function (Holmes, 2008).
2.4.1
Lexical Items
Lexical item or lexical unit is a single word, a part of word or a chain of
words that forms the basic elements of language’s lexicon (vocabulary) such as
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W u l a n d a r i | 19
traffic light, take care of, by the way and etc. Lexical item can be generally
understood to convey a single meaning, but are not limited to single words.
Common types of lexical items are:
1. Words, example: cat, tree, table.
2. Parts of words, example: (-s) in trees, (-er) in worker, (non –in)
nondescript, (-est.) in loudest.
3. Phrasal verbs, example: put down or get out.
4. Poly words, example: by the way, inside out.
5. Collocations, example: motor vehicle absolutely convinced.
6. Institutionalized utterances, example: I will get it, we will see,
would you like a cup of coffee?
7. Idioms, example: break a leg, a bitter pill to swallow.
8. Saying, example: The early bird gets the worm.
9. Sentence frames and heads, example: that is not as……. as you
think.
10. Text frame, example: Firstly….. , secondly……, finally…..
2.4.2
Color Terms
There is a difference between the use of color terms by women and men.
Women usually mention a specific color term such as maroon, magenta, and
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W u l a n d a r i | 20
aquamarine. Meanwhile, men tend to mention a general color term such as red,
green and blue.
2.4.3
Particles
A particle is a word or a part of a word that has a grammatical purpose but
often has little or no meaning. A particle is a word that does not change its form
through inflection and does not easily fit into the established system of part of
speech. Many particles are closely to verbs to form multi word verb, such as go
away (Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics, 2008). Particles are function words
that express grammatical relationships with other words. Function words are
words that perform definite grammatical functions but that lack definite lexical
meaning.
2.4.4
Evaluative Adjective
Evaluative adjectives maintain their individual-level interpretation. The
finding that evaluative control structures are property-denoting and lack event
structure is inconsistent with Stowell’s second claim, that the infinitival clause is a
thematic argument of the adjective (Kertz, Laura, 2006). Evaluative adjectives like
smart form a coherent semantic and syntactic class, distinct from „normal’ control
adjectives like eager. Evaluative adjectives are one-place property-denoting
predicates, which retain their individual-level reading when combined with an
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W u l a n d a r i | 21
infinitival clause. These facts are incompatible with a coercion analysis (Stowell
1991) intended to explain a semantic relativization effect observed with these
predicates. Evaluative adjectives combine with two types of adjunct show distinct
syntactic and semantic behaviors.
2.5
Previous studies
This research has three previous studies there are: Firstly from Damayanti,
Maulina with title The study of HelmiYahya’s and Alya Rohali’s Speech Style in
Siapa Berani quiz on Indosiar (2009th). In her study, she focuses on two problems
which are what type of Helmi Yahya’s and Alya Rohali’s speech style and which
speech style is typical to certain context of situation. In her study, she also using
qualitative study and she applied Martin Joos Theory of speech style as her main
theory which combined with Gleeason and Kridalaksana’s theory. Through
analysis she found four types of speech style in that television quiz, they are
formal, consultative, casual and frozen. Moreover from the analysis she also
found that certain speech style is typical to certain context of situation.
Secondly previous study from Pratiwi, Anggit with title Speech Style
performed by the hosts of Master Chef Indonesia season 3 cooking talent shows
(2014th). In her study, she focuses on two problems which are what are types of
speech style that are used by the hosts in Master Chef Indonesia season 3and what
type of speech style that is mostly used in the shows. In her study, she used the
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main theory of speech style by Martin Joos (1967, cited in Broderick 1976) and
also supporting theories of standard – non standard of Bahasa Indonesia by
Kridalaksana (1989) and Chaer and Agustina (2004) as the data of her study are in
the form of Bahasa Indonesia. The result of her study is the type of speech style
that were mostly used by the hosts “consultative style” in 95 (ninety five)
utterance or 66% (sixty six percent), followed by “casual style” in 31 (thirty one)
utterance or 21,5% (twenty one point five percent), and the last is “formal style”
in 18 (eighteen) utterance or 12,5% (twelve point five percent). Finally the result
of speech style that were mostly used in the shows is “consultative style” in 95
(ninety five) utterance 66% (sixty six percent).
And the last previous study from Putri, Amelia Permata with title Speech
Style of Alice Kingsley in the movie Alice in Wonderland (2014th) . In her study
focuses on two problems which are How Alice Kingsley’s Speech Style toward
each characters in the movie Alice Kingsley’s in Wonderland is and What factors
influence Alice Speech Style in that film. In her study, she using qualitative
method and SPEAKING theory proposed by Dell Hymes. Then the result gotten
from this study shows that Alice speaks casually towards the characters in that
movie. She only speaks formally to one character in one of speech event cases of
certain characters. It can be said that Alice also speak casually to 18 (eighteen)
characters in that movie. In that movie Alice also uses two kinds of speech style to
three characters and each kind depends on the case of the speech situation. Formal
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speech style does not always happen in a formal place or vice versa. This goes the
same with the other aspect of SPEAKING from Dell Hymes theory.
Based on the third previous study above, the writer concludes that used the
same theory from Martin Joos and be needed to know that as main theory which
classifies language style focuses on speech style into fives style, there are frozen
style, formal style, casual style, consultative style and intimate style. The this
study has difference with third previous study above, the writer only focuses on
main characters of women speech style there are Rapunzel and Mother Gothel in
Tangled movie and like with Pratiwi, Anggit the writer also used descriptive
qualitative research and applied of speech style from Joos theory. In this study the
writer not only used from Joos theory of speech style as main theory, but also
which combined with Lakoff (1975) theory because to know that used of women
main characters in Tangled movie and to support the result this study. These
previous studies can helped the present writer to identify the women speech style
based on theory.
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CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHOD
This chapter presents the way how this study will be arranged and deals
with the method that the writer applied in this study. It comprises research design,
source of data, research instrument, technique of data collection and technique of
data analysis.
3.1
Research Design
This study was aim to understanding about women speech style also
associated with language which has relationship with society especially in Tangled
movie and so this study has been conducted in descriptive qualitative research.
This study use descriptive qualitative since it is gathering the data of woman
language style used by the main characters in Tangled movie and another sources
related with the research.
The writer use descriptive qualitative research because the data in the
research in form of words on the dialogue of the movie. This study observed only
focus about how women speak in dialogue Tangled movie and the descriptive
qualitative approach was more relevant to conduct with study since the data source
take from text dialogue of Tangled movie script. The writer used the movie script
(in more general term those were classified into document). The utterances are
24
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analyses descriptively to describe, investigate and to explain in detail the
phenomena of utterances based on speech style by Joos theory.
3.2
Source of Data
In this study the writer needs data and gets the data from movie entitle
“Tangled” in years 2010th. The source of data was use Tangled movie script and
types of data was the writer choose dialogue especially focus in women main
characters
speech.
The
Tangled
movie
script
downloaded
on
www.fullmoviesfreedownload/co>tangled-2010. The primary data of this study
are the main characters’ utterances suggesting speech style. The writer also
downloaded Tangled movie on www.pages.drexel.edu.com to watching and
matching with the movie script.
3.3
Research Instrument
In this study using descriptive qualitative researcher and the writer only
uses human instrument. The writer becomes the human instrument in collecting
the data. In a qualitative research the instrument of the research was the researcher
herself with or without the help of other people (Moleong, 2001).
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3.4
Technique of Data Collection
In this study the writer took a part analyzes the data of this study, and the
writer colleting the data was document analysis. The writer has steps as follow to
get the data which are:
1. Open internet from computer the writer’s, searching in internet with
chooses Google and writes down subtitle of movie.
2. The writer chooses only one article title from Google, then the writer
reading of plot and summary about Tangled movie and saved that.
3. Open
new
web
then
the
writer
typing
www.fullmoviesfree.download.co>tangled-2010.
4. Downloaded Tangled script movie and saved the data in computer.
5. Open new web again to searching Tangled movie and downloaded on
www.pages.drexel.edu.com then saved.
6. Print out Tangled script movie and the writer reading movie script only
focuses on women speech style of main characters.
7. The writer doing classified then find out the speech style of the data
based on appropriated kinds of speech styles from Joos’ theory.
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3.5
Technique of Data Analysis
Technique of Data analysis is the next process after the Technique of data
collection. In this process, the writer did some procedures to get a clear description
of data analysis.
1. To analyzing the data, the writer using print out Tangled movie script an