and his, there are also „relational’ words prepositions like with and about. The fourth sentence in which the verb and nouns are play, children, garden, tea also
has prepositions in, after in addition to modifiers, but here the prepositions have a spatial and temporal reference respectively, and are substitutable. The function
of the prepositions in No 4 is thus different from that of the preposition in No 3; you can only argue with somebody about something; but you can play in, on,
outside, etc somewhere, after, before, at, etc, some point in time. Nevertheless, the basic point remains; sentences are essentially structures comprising a verb and a
number of nouns.
18
From the statement above, the writer concludes that sentences have many characteristics and can be modified by two or more nouns, adding adverbs and
prepositions to make sentences beautifully. In this case, the verb and noun play a very important role in forming a sentence. Without a verb and a noun, a sentence
cannot be called a sentence. For example, Before eating and The members of the European group. These examples cannot meet the prerequisites of a sentence
because at the first example, there is no proper noun; there are only adverbs before and a verb eating. While in the second example, although there are two
nouns The members and the European group cannot be called a sentence because it has no verb.
A. Sentence Patterns
English sentence has many variations that sometimes difficult to understand by those who are just learning English. Therefore, the introduction of
18
Ibid.
the patterns of English sentences should be applied to those who want to learn English. Based on A. Ghani Johan, there are four basic patterns of English
sentences, namely: 1.
Subject - Verb
- Object - Adverb
2. Subject - To Be
- Complement - Adverb 3.
There - To Be
- Subject - Adverb
4. It
- To Be - Complement - Subject - Adverb
On the other hand, B.M.G. Endang Sri Wulandari stated that there are five patterns to the English sentences, as follows:
1. NOUN 1
- VERB - NOUN I
2. NOUN I
- VERB - NOUN II
3. NOUN
- VERB - Adv. Preposition-group
4. NOUN - VERB
- ADJECTIVE 5.
THERE - VERB
- NOUN Adv.Prep-group
19
In this study, the writer follows B.M.G Sri Wulandari systematic because she thinks that those patterns are best suited to learning about the grammatical
ability was she discussed.
B. Sentence Types
After the discussion of sentence patterns in English, the next step is discussions about the types of sentences. Sentence patterns are the basis to form a
sentence, which can form a simple sentence, compound sentence, complex
19
Paulinus Soge 1989, op.cit. 25-26
sentence, or compound complex sentence. In analyzing the sentence types, the writer uses the view of Paulinus Soge as her reference.
1. Simple Sentence
Simple sentence is the sentence, which has only one verb. This simple sentence can use the sentence patterns of first, second, third, fourth and fifth in the
discussion before. It should be noted that in a simple sentence may have more than one verb if there is modifier at the back of the head Word which has the form
of active or passive relative clause that preceded by conjunction who, which, and that. These are following example of simple sentences.
a Simple sentence in the first pattern - He is a judge.
- He becomes a famous engineer who can work abroad. b Simple sentence in the second pattern
- The police arrested the thief. - The difficulty is when I should answer the letter.
c Simple sentence in the third pattern - The man speaks.
- The woman you met yesterday died suddenly. d Simple sentence in fourth pattern
- The weather becomes cold. -
It becomes clear that she doesn’t come today. e Simple sentence in fifth pattern
- There will be a guest next Saturday.
- There was a thief in her house this morning. 2.
Compound Sentence Compound sentence is a sentence containing two or more sense because it
has two or more verbs. Compound sentences usually consist of two or more simple sentence and connected by conjunctions and, or, but. Sentence pattern of
each simple sentence can be the same or different. For example: a
The life of the Eskimos is hard but they are strong and patient. These simple sentences have the same pattern of fourth pattern NOUN
– VERB – ADJECTIVE.
b They are invisible, but they are received by the aerial of the wireless
receiver. In this sentence, there are two different patterns. The first sentence use fourth pattern NOUN
– VERB – ADJECTIVE and the second sentence use third pattern NOUN
– VERB PG. 3. Complex Sentence
Complex sentence usually consist of a main clause and a sub-clause. Main clause is part of the sentence that can stand alone, but sub-clause can not stand
alone. It must rely on its main clause. This sub-clause is called adverb clauses that consist of:
a Adverb of Place with the conjunction such as: where, wherever, and as.
- Wherever it was possible, they camped for the night. b
Adverb of time with the conjunction such as: when, as soon as, as long as, until, before, after, by the time, while, as, now, once, since, no sooner …than,
not long… when.
- He had no sooner arrived that he demanded a meal. c
Adverb of Contrast with the conjunction such as: whereas, now…where. - Now there is nothing but desert, where there used to be a fertile plain.
d Adverb of Manner with the conjunction such as: as, how, in that, like.
- You may finish it how you like. e
Adverb of Degree 1.
Positive in level and amount with the conjunction such as: as, as…as, not so…as.
- Life is a pleasant as you make it. 2.
Proportional or parallel with the conjunction such as: according as to, in proportion as, the…the.
- A person isn’t always paid according as he works.
3. comparison with the conjunction than.
- She is much older than she looks. 4.
limitation with the conjunction such as: so as long as, so as far as, in so far as, for all.
- You can stay here, so long as you are quiet.
f Adverb of Clause with the conjunction such as because, since, as, when,
seeing that, for. - I cannot go, because I have no ticket.
g Adverb of Concession and contrast with the conjunction such as: although,
even though, even if, as, whoever, no matter who, however. - Even if though thing are bad, we must not give up hope.
h Adverb of Purpose with the conjunction such as: that, in order that, so that,
lest, for fear that, in case. - They rented the top floor that they might have a good view.
i Adverb of Condition with the conjunction if.
- If I come, I shall see you. 4. Compound Complex Sentence
Compound complex sentence is a sentence that has the elements of compound and complex at once. This means that compound complex sentence has
the main clause and sub-clause. The main clause may have two main clauses equivalent and one sub-clause, or has a main clause and two sub-clauses
equivalent. For example: - There used to be many accidents because ships collided with each other in the
fog, but there are not so many now. This sentence has two main clauses: there used to be many accidents and
but there are not so many now. Both of them are used fifth sentence pattern. The sub-clause is because ships collided with each other that used the third sentence
pattern.
20
From the explanation above, the writer gives conclusion that a sentence can be modified with many types, from simple sentence that has only one verb
and one noun up to the complex sentence that have many nouns and verbs.
20
Ibid. p. 53-62
B. Translating Skill
