taste.”
25
Therefore, a good translator is always giving more attention to the reader in target language. A translator must also be accountable for his or her translation
works by considering compatibility between source text and target text. To create the ability to translate well, students must have knowledge about the process of
translation, the method of translation, the procedure of translation, and the criteria of a good translation.
1. The Process of Translation
The core of the process of translation is starting from the translator’s reception of the original or source text and ending with the production of the text
in the target language. The translator can make improvements with their ideas without reducing the meaning of the original text.
As Catford mentioned, “Translation process is concluded by translator by
comparing „his’ text resulting from the setting of ad hoc and remainder-portion correspondences with the ST and making improvements where necessary. The
TT is the result of this.”
26
He described the translation process in Figure 1. The ad hoc-portion and the remainder-portion can be differing in the
translation process. The ST elements which facilitate a spontaneous and adequate translation are come from a subjective point of view from the ad hoc-portion,
while the ST elements which do not lead to an automatic and immediate translation form the remainder-portion These elements force the individual
translator to look for an equivalent more intensely. The goal of this closer look at
25
Paulinus Soge 1989, op.cit, p.5.
26
J.C. Catford, op.cit, p.35.
the text is to establish the contextual and functional meaning of the respective text structures and to enable the translator’s specific translating competence to provide
an adequate translation.
27
Process of translation
Figure 1: The Process of Translation J.C. Catford, A linguistic theory of Translation
Besides Catford’s theory, Newmark, Nida and Taber presented their perspectives to the process of translation in the simple form. Newmark stated that
in translation process, there are four levels, which need more attention. These levels are the textual, the referential, the cohesive, and the natural. The textual is
the level of language, where we begin, and which continually go back to the text of SL. The referential is the level of objects and events, real or imaginary, which
27
Ibid. p. 34-36. -language level automatisation
-translating experience -trouble-free decoding of meaning
-text author -ST addresses
-specific translator competence -intention of translation
-TT addresses -meaning-level problems
-problems on the language and style levels
-no internalized 1:1 relation between SL and TL
Final TT
Refined TT
Preliminary TT
remainder portion
ad-hoc portion
Source text
we progressively have to visualize and build up, and which is an essential part, first of the comprehension, then of the reproduction process. The cohesive level,
which is more general, and grammatical, which traces the train of thought, the feeling tone positive or negative, and the various presuppositions of the SL text.
The last is the level of naturalness, of common language appropriate to the writer or speaker in a certain situation. This level is concerned only with the
reproduction when the translation results read or listen naturally.
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On the other hand, Nida and Taber presented the process of translation is like the following order: Analysis, Transfer, and Restructuring. The first thing that
a translator has to do is to analyze the message of the source language into its simplest and structurally clearest forms, then transfer it into the target language
and the last, restructure it in the receptor language which is most appropriate for the audience whom he intends to reach.
29
Basically, all theories have the same goal; it is to produce the natural translation. The writer thinks that the model of ad hoc-portion and remainder-
portion, which are presented by Catford are too complex in analyzing the process of translation. So, in this study, the writer interests to apply the theory of Nida and
Taber in doing the translation process.
2. Translation methods
