Size of Family- Size of land holding- Sowing Method- Effect of temperature-tolerant rhizobial isolates as PGPR on nodulation, growth and yield of 80 Phenotypic characterization of rhizobacteria associated with mungbean rhizosphere 84 Root morphology and a

116 Journal of Food Legumes 263 4, 2013 scoring, Matrix Ranking, change and trends. ● Collection of data from farmers mainly related to socio- economic, adoption of improved package of practices, farmers opinion and constraints in seed production. ● Collection of Secondary data of the selected villages from the office of District Agriculturelekhpal. The data collected were processed, summarized and tabulated for statistical analysislike percentage, average and scaling for meaningful interpretation of results. Farmers Participatory Varietal Selection Trial FPVST: Farmers Participatory Varietal Selection Trials has helped in building of confidence among farmers for promoting as well as ensuring seed sufficiency at village level. Farmers participatory Varietal Selection Trial son farmers field with four improved varieties NDL-1, HUL-57 PL-6 and WBL-77 alongwith local variety was conducted to identify farmer- preferred varieties. Each FPVST was conducted in an acre. The varieties were evaluated for seed yield and other economic parameters besides taking into consideration the farmers perception on their performance. Seed Production: To as certain farmers preferred as well as shifting of area under improved varieties of lentil was sown in normal condition in first week of November whereas late variety were sown after second fortnight of November to first week of December with recommended Seed rate 16-20 kg acre. Before the start of cropping season, farmers meeting were organized to decide our seed production programme. Following activities were also undertaken to develop farmers capacity in quality seed production, processing and marketing by facilitating them to form their association. 1 Farmers Training in Crop Management and Seed Production: To ensure seed sufficiency at village level efficient and effective quality seed production of lentil farmers were trained in various technological aspects on crop production and seed production included varietal description, seed treatment, nutrient management, Insect-pest and disease, Isolation distance, roguing in seed production fields and crop harvesting technology etc. 2 Close Linkage with Formal Seed Sector: The selected improved varieties growers were linked with Uttar Pradesh State Seed Certification Agency, Mau for seed certification to strengthen formal Seed sector for lentil Seed Production. KVK were also linked with farmers to provide them day to day latest technical information and ensure quality of seed produced. 3 Formation of Registered Farmers Association: For Promotion of Formal and Informal seed system two registered farmers association has been formed to ensure the seed sufficiency of farmers preferred variety of lentil for multiplication of seed at village level.”Madaura Kisan Sewa Samiti” 25 active member and “Jai Vigyan Kisan Sewa Samiti” 18 active memberformed underthe “Uttar Pradesh Society Registration Norms -1860” in 2012. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Socio-economic characteristics of the Lentil Seed Producers: The table-1 showed the socio-economic status of the farmers that 10.00 farmers are illiterate and 41.66 are having graduation and above level of education. Maximum 51.67 farmers are having 5-8 members in his family and 40.00 farmers were having joint family. Majority of 41.67 farmers having 5-6 ha of land holding whereas 15.83 farmers comes under the category of less than 2 ha area. Due to large land holdings 94.17 farmers used tractor drawn seed drill in line sowing. Majority of farmers 55.83 depends on tube wells for irrigation. Table-1 Socio-economic Status of the Farmers of District Ballia Sl. No. Particulars No. of farmers Percentage 1. Educational Status- Illiterate Primary Middle High School Intermediate Graduation Post-Graduation 12 07 10 22 19 43 07 10.00 05.83 08.33 18.33 15.83 35.83 05.83

2. Size of Family-

Below 5 member 5-8 member 8-10 member Above 10 member 10 62 29 19 08.33 51.67 24.17 15.83

3. Size of land holding-

2 ha 2-4 ha 5-6 ha Above 6 ha 19 29 50 22 15.83 24.17 41.67 18.33

4. Sowing Method-

Broad casting Line sowing by Seed drill Conventional Plough Zero tillage 07 113 00 00 05.83 94.17 00.00 00.00

5. Source of irrigation-

Canal Tube well Diesel Pumping set Electric Motor tube well Govt. Tube well No irrigation Facility 00 48 19 00 53 00.00 40.00 15.83 00.00 44.17 Farmers Participatory Varietal Selection Trial s: Table 2 showed the performance of improved varieties of lentil under farmers field condition. Farmers Participatory Varietal Selection Trials were organized at farmers field during 2010- 11. Three improved varieties NDL-1, HUL-57, IPL-81 alongwith local variety were sown at five farmers fields. Narendra Lentil -1 has been assessed as higher yielder 13.00 qha under monocropped rainfed situation followed by HUL-57, IPL-81 Singh et. al., : Area expansion under improved varieties of lentil through participatory seed production programme in Ballia 117 and local variety yielded 10.50, 11.00 and 8.00 qtha respectively. NDL-1 varieties of lentil perform better under monocropped rainfed situation.Majority of farmers completed sowing of lentil in First fortnight of November to Second fortnight of November 2011 after harvesting of long duration paddy. During rabi 2011-12 three improved varieties namely PL-6, HUL-57, WBL-77 alongwith last year farmers preferred variety NDL-1 were used in FPVSTs among the new selected farmers field. PL-6 variety has been chosen as short duration 105-115 days and higher yielder 16-18 qha under rainfed monocropped situation in Ballia district. Farmers also perceived that seed size of PL-6 to be attractive and bold in comparison to other varieties of lentil. Farmers Opinion UnderTechnological Aspects: The table 3A showed the technological opinion of the farmers on six statements. Maximum 94.17 farmers are agreed with the statement “application of Trichoderma minimized incidence of wilt” and 80.00 farmers are strongly agreed with “use of recommended seed rate 16.00 kgacre instead of 25.00 kgacre for small seed of lentil”. Besides of these 34.17 farmers gave negative opinion about the statement “one irrigation is beneficial at pod formation stage”. Pal et al. 2004 also reported the same finding. Table-2: Performance of Farmers Participatory Varietal Selection TrialsFPVSTs Ballia Productivity qtha Micro farming Situation No. of fields Plot Size Varieties Maximum Minimum Average 2010-11 NDL-1 13.00 08.00 10.50 HUL-57 10.50 06.00 08.20 IPL-81 11.00 06.00 08.50 Clay loam and loam mono cropped rainfed situation Five 5 0.5 ha Local 08.00 03.00 5.50 2011-12 PL-6 18.29 14.00 16.14 NDL-1 16.40 13.70 15.05 HUL-57 14.50 12.60 13.55 WBL-77 16.20 13.30 14.70 Clay loam double cropped rainfed and Partial irrigated Five 5 0.5 ha Local 11.80 9.50 10.65 Sl. No. Particulars Strongly Agree 1 Agree 2 Un-decided 3 Dis-agree 4 Strongly Dis-agree 5 1. A Technological aspects: Use of recommended Seed rate 16 kgacre instead of 25 kgacre for small seed of lentil. 96 80.00 24 20.00 00 00.00 00 00.00 00 00.00 2. Basal dose of application of DAP is beneficial. 12 10.00 55 45.83 53 44.17 00 00.00 00 00.00 3. Application of Trichoderma minimized incidence of wilt. 00 00.00 113 94.17 07 05.83 00 00.00 00 00.00 4. Spraying of 2 Solution of urea improves the plant growth as well yield advantages. 00 00.00 67 55.83 53 44.17 00 00.00 00 00.00 5. Spraying of Insecticide minimizes the damage by insectpest. 19 15.83 84 70.00 17 14.17 00 00.00 00 00.00 6. One irrigation is beneficial at pod formation stage. 00 00.00 48 40.00 31 25.83 14 11.67 27 22.50 Table-3A Farmers Opinion on Enhancing Lentil Production Programme. Economic Aspects: It is clear from the Table 3B 84.17 farmers gave positive opinion whereas 15.83 are not decided that “Participatory varietal selection trial is beneficial for selection of best performing variety in particular farming situation”. Maximum 100.00 farmers are agreed “paddy – lentil is less expensive cropping pattern in comparison to others” while 84.17 farmers strongly agreed that his “annual income increased after adoption of paddy-lentil cropping pattern”. Farmers gave positive opinion 70.00 agree and 30.00 strongly agree on “improved varieties gave higher yield in comparison to local varieties”. Marketing Aspects: Farmers opinions are taken on 7 statements related to marketing aspects. Majority of 58.33 farmers are agreed with “formation of farmers association creates confidence amongst the farmers in seed production” whereas 41.67 farmers cannot decide and gave neutral response on the above statement. Maximum farmers 100.00 are disagree with the statement “only resource rich farmers can participate in participatory seed production programme”. Same number of farmers are neutral on the statement “farmers received more remuneration from NSC in compression to local level seed sale”, “NSC paid sufficient remunerative for intake of seed by the farmers”, “Delayed payment by NSC 118 Journal of Food Legumes 263 4, 2013 B Economic Aspects: Sl. No. Particulars Strongly Agree 1 Agree 2 Un-decided 3 Dis-agree 4 Strongly Dis-agree 5 1. Sowing of lentil after harvesting of paddy is profitable. 89 74.17 31 25.83 00 00.00 00 00.00 00 00.00 2. Improved varieties are less affected by diseases. 89 74.17 31 25.83 00 00.00 00 00.00 00 00.00 3. Participatory varietal selection trial is beneficial for selection of best performing variety in particular farming situation. 17 14.17 84 70.00 19 15.83 00 00.00 00 00.00 4. Improved varieties of lentil preferred by the farmers are suitable in your farming situation. 84 70.00 36 30.00 00 00.00 00 00.00 00 00.00 5. PL-6 variety was short duration and higher yielder in existing farming situation. 101 84.17 00 00.00 19 15.83 00 00.00 00 00.00 6. Area under improved varieties will increase in coming season. 19 15.83 101 84.17 00 00.00 00 00.00 00 00.00 7. Improved varieties gave higher yield in comparison to local varieties. 36 30.00 84 70.00 00 00.00 00 00.00 00 00.00 8. Paddy-lentil is less expensive cropping pattern in comparison to others. 00 00.00 120 100.00 00 00.00 00 00.00 00 00.00 9. Income increased after adoption of paddy-lentil cropping pattern. 101 84.17 19 15.83 00 00.00 00 00.00 00 00.00 10. Availability of quality seed can be ensured through participatory seed production. 00 00.00 120 100.00 00 00.00 00 00.00 00 00.00 C Marketing Aspects: Sl. No. Particulars Strongly Agree 1 Agree 2 Un-decided 3 Dis-agree 4 Strongly Dis-agree 5 1. Formation of farmers association creates confidence amongst the farmers in seed production. 00 00.00 70 58.33 50 41.67 00 00.00 00 00.00 2. Only resource rich farmers can participate in participatory seed production programme. 00 00.00 00 00.00 00 00.00 120 100 00 00.00 3. Farmers received more remuneration from NSC in comparison to local level seed sale. 00 00.00 00 00.00 120 100 00 00.00 00 00.00 4. NSC paid sufficient remunerative for intake of seed by the farmers. 00 00.00 00 00.00 120 100 00 00.00 00 00.00 5. Delayed payment by NSC discouraged the farmers. 00 00.00 00 00.00 120 100 00 00.00 00 00.00 6. Access of seed of preferred varieties at village level through promotion of informal seed system 00 00.00 00 00.00 120 100 00 00.00 00 00.00 7. Close linkage with ICAR institutesSAUsKVKsDeptt. of Agriculture, seed production Agencies, seed certification Agencies, NGOs, local traders etc. 31 25.83 89 74.17 00 00.00 00 00.00 00 00.00 Table-4 A Performance of Improved Varieties of Lentil Under Full Technological Management Sl. No. Name of village No. of farmer Area ha Average Yield kgha 1. Karo 12 22.80 1516 2. Basudeva 18 16.40 1420 3. Marchikhurd 06 12.70 1460 4. Bagahi 07 10.00 1565 5. Narahi 04 11.50 1535 6. Katharia 03 06.30 1610 7. Daulatpur 02 05.20 1490 8. Laddupur 04 10.50 1530 9. Firozpur 01 02.50 1580 Total 57

97.90 1523.22

Table-4 B Performance of Improved Varieties of Lentil Under Partial Technological Management Sl. No. Name of village No. of farmer Area ha Average Yield kgha 1. Karo 09 18.40 1360.00 2. Basudeva 11 21.50 1320.00 3. Marchikhurd 10 24.80 1375.00 4. Bagahi 07 17.40 1412.00 5. Narahi 06 14.60 1478.00 6. Katharia 04 13.20 1320.00 7. Daulatpur 08 21.00 1380.00 8. Laddupur 05 12.00 1375.00 9. Firozpur 03 08.30 1340.00 Total 63 151.20 1373.33 Singh et. al., : Area expansion under improved varieties of lentil through participatory seed production programme in Ballia 119 discouraged the farmers”, and “Assess of seed of preferred varieties at village level through promotion of informal seed system”. 74 farmers agree with the statement that they are closely attached with ICAR instituteSAUsKVKsDepartment of seed production, seed certification agencies, NGOs and local traders. Performance of lentil under different management Practices: Table 4 A showed that farmers adopt complete technological management practices optimum seed rate, seed treatment with Rhizobium culture and Trichoderma, sowing after harvesting of paddy, sowing with seed drill and spray 2 solution of urea obtained maximum 1610.00 kgha and lowest yield advantage is 1420.00 kgha. It is also clear from table 4 B total 63 farmers including project partners and other neighboring adopted partial technological package. The average productivity is 1370.00 kgha covering 151.20 ha area. This finding is in line with the finding of Mishra et al. 2009. Farmers showed positive opinion and attitude towards application of full and partial technological package. It has been cleared that small and medium category of farmers mainly adopted full technological package whereas marginal and big categories of farmers only adopted partial technological management practices in lentil. 51.10 Kaithauli, 48.19 Sahabuddinpur, and 44.25 Firozpur and 42.33 Katharia, respectively.Yadav and Dadlani 2009 also reported the same finding. Maximum farmers are illiterate and having 5-8 members in his family. Majority of farmers were having 5-6 ha of land holding and used tractor drawn seed drill for line sowing. Maximum farmers applied Trichoderma for minimized wilt incidence. Under economic aspects maximum farmers strongly satisfied with the statement “Annual income increased after adoption of Paddy-lentil cropping pattern. Small and medium categories of farmers mainly adopted full technological package where as marginal and big categories only adopted partial technological management. Farmers adopt complete package of practices obtained maximum 1610.00 kgha yield. In compression to 2010-11, 57.14 area increased in 2011-12 after adoption of improved package of practices. To ensure the seed sufficiencya registered farmers association was established and Farmers Participatory varietal selection Trial FPVST has been conducted in large scale in project implementing site of Ballia district. Farmers actively engaged in participatory seed production programme under the supervision of ICAR Scientists and KVK Experts and the trained farmers would be able to educate and transfer the technology more effectively among the non- participant’s farmers. REFERENCES Ponnusamy, K; Venlalagurunathan, P. and Jarial, S. 2004.”Development of appropriate farm message through PRA techniques”. National workshop on communication support for sustaining Extension services held at Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi Feb. 17-18, 2004page 275-276. Pal, Chandra; Singh J. P; Singh N. K; Singh, L. B; Verma Nootan and Tripathi N. C. 2009. “Farmers Participatory Research for identification of technological gap in Sugarcane production, in western U.P.” 5 th National Extension Education Congress, March 05-07, 2009 held at C.S.A.U.A. T. Kanpur Page 46. Yadav, Shiv K. and DadlaniMalvika 2009. “Farmers Participatory Seed Production: an Auto-Driven Extension Approach.” 5 th National Extension Education Congress, March 05-07, 2009 held at C.S.A.U.A. T. Kanpur Page 178. Mishra, P. K; Khare, Y. R; Singh Vinita and Singh Mamta 2009. “5 th National Extension Education Congress, March 05-07, 2009 held at C.S.A.U.A. T. Kanpur Page198. Table-5 Village-wise area increased under improved varieties 2010-11 2011-12 Sl. No. Village Total Area ha Area under local variety Area under improved variety Area under local variety Area under improved variety 1. Kathariya 75.30 59.17 16.13 27.30 48.00 2. Daulatpur 78.85 67.50 11.35 22.45 56.40 3. Laddupur 35.30 27.20 08.30 14.30 21.20 4. Firozpur 45.20 32.20 13.00 12.20 33.00 5. Kaitholi 52.45 43.25 09.20 16.45 36.00 6. Ethai 30.50 22.25 08.25 14.30 16.20 7. Sahabuddin pur 33.20 27.20 05.00 12.20 21.00 8. Sobantha 42.70 32.55 10.15 15.50 27.12 Total 393.50 311.32 81.38 134.70 258.92 Area expansion under improved varieties: Table 5 showed the impact of project in terms of increase in area.With inclusion of improved varieties farmers shifted area from local to improved varieties. Maximum 57.14 area increased under improved varieties of lentil in village Daulatpur followed by Journal of Food Legumes 263 4: 120-123, 2013 Performance of chickpea in varied conditions of Uttar Pradesh LAKHAN SINGH and A.K. SINGH Zonal Project Directorate, Zone-IV ICAR, Kanpur-208002, Uttar Pradesh, India; E-mail : lakhanextngmail.com Received : June 04, 2013 ; Accepted : September 02, 2013 ABSTRACT The technology assessment and demonstration programme on chickpea was carried by KVKs for demonstrating production potential of newly developed technologies of chickpea at farmers’ fields in the country. 836 demonstrations on chickpea were organized in rainfed conditions of 18 districts of Uttar Pradesh. Technology modules were prepared including all the recommended package of practices. Technology performance in respect to productivity and per unit area profitability from chickpea was taken up as important intervention. On an average 17.77 q ha yield wa s realized b y th e fa rmers un der demonstration which was significantly higher as compared to local check, state and national average yield. More than 16 q ha yield was provided by DCP 92-3, Pusa 362, Pusa 256, RSG- 888, GNG-663 and Awarodhi varieties of chickpea. More than Rs. 37000 per ha of net return was obtained with the cultivation of DCP 92-3, GNG- 663, Pusa 362 and Awarodhi cultivars. On an average, 60 increased income was accrued to the farmers as compared to local check. The technology dissemination model developed and utilized for scientific demonstrations of chickpea, played a great role for enhancing productivity and net return to the farmers along with creating a platform for interface with different stakeholders. This paper discusses performance of chickpea in different agro-eco and cropping systems. Key words: Chickpea, Demonstrations, Productivity, Profitability Pulses are very important in Indian agriculture both in terms of enriching soil health and for food and nutritional security of country’s ever growing population. Pulses being predominantly rainfed crop grown in constrained and limiting factor environment, the increase in productivity had remained a major challenge for several decades. There has not been remarkable increase in area and productivity of pulses as witnessed in other commodities over the years. There has been number of technological breakthroughs with promise to raise the productivity levels which need to be demonstrated at farmers’ fields with their active participation so as to build their confidence in new technologies. India produced 17.21 million tonnes of pulses from an area of 24.78 million hectares Nadarajan, 2013. The important pulse crops are chickpea 48, pigeonpea 15, mungbean 7, urdbean 7, lentil 5 and fieldpea 5. The major producing states are Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and Andhra Pradesh, which together account for about 80 of the total production. However, about 3 million tonnes of pulses are imported annually to meet the domestic consumption requirement Chaturvedi, et al 2010. India produced 7.5 million tonnes of chickpea covering 8.32 million ha area with productivity of 9.12 qha in 2011-12. Uttar Pradesh produced 0.72 million tonnes of chickpea with productivity of 12.48 qha in 2011-12 Directorate of Economics and Statistics Department of Agriculture and Cooperation-2012. The area under chickpea has reduced in entire Indo-Gangetic plains. In case of Uttar Pradesh, it has come down to 0.58 million ha in 2011-12. Therefore, raising productivity may be the important option to deal with it. The technology assessment and demonstration programme on chickpea was carried by KVKs for demonstrating production potential of newly developed technologies and varieties of pulses at farmers’ fields as to bring in enhanced application of modern technologies to address the issues related to production of pulses in the country. Technology performance in respect to productivity and per unit area profitability from chickpea was taken up as important intervention. This paper discusses performance of chickpea in different agro-eco and cropping systems. MATERIALS AND METHODS The programme on chickpea Cicer arietinum L. was organized in 18 districts of Bundelkhand zone, Vindhyan zone, Central Plain zone and Eastern Plain zone of Uttar Pradesh. Technology modules were prepared including all the recommended package of practices. Analysis of agro- ecosystems was made. The cropping systems followed are urdbean-chickpea, fallow-chickpea, rice-chickpea and maize-chickpea. The prevalent varieties grown are Udai, Radhey, Awarodhi and K- 850 in the study area. The technology module introduced included: Seed rate: 32 kg normal sown, 35.0 kg late sown seed acre. Seed treatment with Trichoderma 6gkg and Vitavax Carboxin 1gkg. Application of Rhizobium culture one packet 200 g10 kg seed. Sowing time: Rainfed: 1 st fortnight of Oct., Irrigated: Last week of Oct. to 1 st week of November. Spacing: 30cmx10cm line sowing. Cultivars: DCP 92-3, KWR 108, KPG 59, HK 2 K, Pusa 372, IPCK 2002-29 K, Gujarat Gram-4. Irrigation: Two irrigations first at branching and 2 nd at pod initiation stage. Fertilizer dose and plant protection measures were followed as per locations of the district. Singh Singh : Performance of chickpea in varied conditions of Uttar Pradesh 121 The sample included 18 districts and 826 farmers of 4 agroclimatic zones of Uttar Pradesh. Critical inputs were provided to the participating farmers. Training of participating farmers and extension workers were orgainized through KVKs. Statistical techniques like percentage, weighted mean, yield gap analysis, technology index were used. The technology gap, extension gap and technology index were estimated using the following formula: Technology gap = Potential yield - Demo. yield Extension gap = Demo. yield - Farmer’s yield Technology index = Pi - Di ×100 Pi where Pi=Potential yield of i th crop. Di=Demonstration yield of i th crop. A technology dissemination model was evolved and utilized for effective delivery of district specific technology modules Fig. 1. This model produces representation of networks and deliverables. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION In the year 2011-12, the productivity of chickpea has been highest in Uttar Pradesh as compared to other states, where as it was lagging earlier to states like Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Haryana, Bihar and West Bengal, etc. The crop is mainly grown in the rainfed situations under different crop rotations viz urdbean-chickpea and fallow-chickpea. A total of 836 demonstrations were conducted with average productivity of 17.77 qha which was about 37.86 higher to local check, 137.57 to state and 122.40 to national average. The average net return of Rs. 34400 per ha was realized against Rs. 22115 per ha from local check. In some of the districts, average returns were more than Rs. 35000 per ha. 50 net economic gain was higher under demonstrations as compared to local check Table 1. The encouraging results of crop productivity and net returns are attributed to skill training provided to the farmers, extension workers and application of improved varieties and package of technologies. Agro-climatic area-wise yield performance of chickpea cultivars are given below. Rainfed condition: Under rainfed situation Bundelkhand and Vindhyan Zone, 362 demonstrations were organized 196.28 acre in 8 districts. The demonstrations were laid out in fallow-chickpea cropping system. On an average, 17.25 qha yield was realized by the farmers which was 36.47 higher over local check, 130.61 over state and 115.89 over national average with net return of Rs. 37145 per ha. More than 16 qha yield was obtained using cultivars like DCP 92-3, Pusa 362, GNG-663, BG-256 and Awarodhi Table 1 and Fig. 2. Central Plain Zone: In this zone, 5 districts Kanpur Dehat, Hardoi, Raebareli and Sitapur were included for technology demonstration under rice-chickpea, maize-chickpea cropping systems with the participation of 179 farmers on 94.5 acre area. On an average, 21.0 qha yield was achieved under demonstration which was 33.84 higher over farmers practice, 183.42 over state and 165.33 over national average. The net profit of Rs. 35975 per ha was realized by the farmers which was 58 higher as compared to local check. More than 21 qha yield was attained by Awarodhi and RSG- Fig.1: Technology Adaptation Model for Harnessing Productivity Fig. 2: Yield performance of chickpea in rainfed condition : 2010-11 2011-12 122 Journal of Food Legumes 263 4, 2013 888 cultivars with maximum net profit of Rs. 37172 per ha Table 2 and Fig. 3. attained by the farmers which was 52.94 higher over local check, 202.81 over state and 183.48 higher over national average Table 3. The net return of Rs. 38401 per ha was realized by the participating farmers which was 71.55 more as compared to local check Fig. 4. Under late sown condition, PKG-59 and Pusa-372 varieties were experimented at farmers fields 87 farmers covering 92.5 acre area. The average yield of 14.63 qha was achieved which was 45.72 superior over local check 10.04 qha, 95.59 over state and 83.1 over national average Fig. 5 and Table 4. Net return of Rs. 31654 per ha was realized by the farmers. Table 1: Performance of Chickpea demonstrations in rainfed situation Yield qha Net Return Rs.ha Varieties Districts No. of Farmers Area acre Demo Check Increase Demo. Local Check Income KGD-1168 Chitrakoot 39 11.00 12.78 10.00 27.80 26795 21790 22.97 KWR-108 Chitrakoot, Jalaun 24 12.50 14.88 10.60 40.38 33830 22800 48.38 Awarodhi Chitrakoot, Hamirpur, Jhansi, Sonbhadra, Banda 145 108.00 17.39 12.69 37.04 35650 23560 51.32 DCP-92-3 Chitrakoot, Lalitpur 50 16.40 16.78 11.92 40.77 37844 25960 45.78 Radhey Jalaun 1 1.13 15.25 12 27.08 33825 24900 35.84 GNG-663 Jhansi 5 6.25 20.2 16.2 24.69 48200 28745 67.68 BG-256 Lalitpur 22 20 17 11.4 49.12 38095 19730 93.08 Pusa-362 Sonbhadra, Mirzapur 76 21.00 20.09 15.72 27.80 47666 35234 35.28 TotalWt. Mean 362 196.28 17.25

12.64 36.47

37145 24644 50.73 Fig. 3: Yield performance of chickpea in Uttar Pradesh : 2010-11 2011-12 Yield qha Net Return Rs.ha Varieties District No. of Farmers Area acre Demo Check Increase Demo. Local Check Income Awarodhi Kanpur Dehat, Hardoi 143 67.50 21.85 15.98 36.73 37172 22478 64.00 Pusa-256 Unnao, Raebareli 24 15.00 18.11 15.32 18.21 31842 24839 26.00 RSG-888 Sitapur 12 12 21.4 15.7 36.31 34408 22648 51.93 TotalWt. Mean 179

94.50 21.20

15.84 33.84

35975 22874

58.00 Table 2: Performance of Chickpea demonstrations in Central Plain Zone

Fig. 4: Yield performance of chickpea in eastern plain zone : 2010-11 2011-12 Eastern Plain Zone: In this agroclimatic zone, 4 districts Ghazipur, St. Ravidas Nagar, Sultanpur and Mau were included under demonstrations with the involvement of 198 farmers on 14 acre area. The average yield of 22.65 qha was Fig. 5: Yield performance of chickpea under late sown condition: 2010-11 2011-12 Singh, et al 2005 reported that on an average 22 qha yield was obtained by the farmers in eastern districts. Chickpea yield ranging between 8.7 to 23.4 qha was observed in the demonstrations. Singh Singh : Performance of chickpea in varied conditions of Uttar Pradesh 123 Table 3: Performance of Chickpea demonstrations in Eastern Plain Zone Yield qha Net Return Rs.ha Varieties District No. of Farmers Area acre Demo Check Increase Demo. Local Check Income Awarodhi Ghazipur 25 2.5 22 14.5 51.72 38500 22650 69.98 DCP-92-3 SRD Nagar 137.5 5.5 23.4 16.25 44 39052 22960 70.09 GNG-663 Sultanpur 10 1 21.5 15.4 39.61 37350 25300 47.63 Pusa-256 Mau 25 5.00 22.38 13.25 68.91 37840 21040 79.85 TotalWt. Mean 198

14.00 22.65

14.81 52.94

38401 22385

71.55 Table 4: Performance of Chickpea demonstrations under late sown condition

Yield qha Net Return Rs.ha Varieties Districts No. of Farmers Area acre Demo Check Increase Demo. Local Check Income PKG-59 Jalaun, Hamirpur, Kanpur Dehat 82 90.00 14.53 10.00 45.30 31579 16400 92.55 Pusa-372 Auraiya 5 2.5 18.38 11.5 59.83 34357 17992 90.96 TotalWt. Mean 87

92.50 14.63

10.04 45.72

31654 16443 92.51 The yield gap of 2.71 qha was obtained between demonstrated and local check condition. The technology gap of 2.04 qha was also observed between potential and demonstrated yield of chickpea. Technology Index 8.91 was computed for different chickpea cultivars which show a significant difference of technology and extension gap Fig. 6. There is a great scope for enhancing productivity of chickpea with reduction in yield gap and technology gap. It may be possible by adoption of district specific technology modules, advance planning, critical monitoring, observation recording, critical input support, organization of field days, etc. related to demonstrations. Feedback to the technical institutions may play an important role to make further corrections in technology demonstration mechanism. The technology dissemination model followed during demonstrations can be adapted for other commodities for the benefit of farmers. Organization of technology demonstrations on chickpea included special attention on planning, capacity building, district specific technology modules development, observations recording, regular monitoring and implementation. On an average 17.77 qha yield was realized by the farmers under demonstration which was significantly higher as compared to local check, state and national average yield. More than 16 qha yield was provided by DCP 92-3, Pusa 362, Pusa 256, RSG-888, GNG-663 and Awarodhi varieties of chickpea. More than Rs. 37000 per ha of net return was obtained with the cultivation of DCP 92-3, GNG- 663, Pusa 362 and Awarodhi cultivars. On an average, 60 increased income was accrued to the farmers as compared to local check. The technology dissemination model developed and utilized for scientific demonstrations of chickpea, played a great role for enhancing productivity and net return to the farmers along with creating a platform for interface with different stakeholders. REFERENCES Chaturvedi SK, Nadarajan N, Singh SK and Mishra JP. 2010. Strategy for enhancing pulses production in Bundelkhand tracts of Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh. Published in Extension Strategy for Bundelkhand Region, published by Zonal Project Directorate, Kanpur. N. Nadarajan. 2013. Prospects and strategies for increasing pulses production in the potential states. In Training Manual ‘Model Training Course on Management of Pest and Diseases in Pulse Crops’ organized at IIPR, Kanpur, pp 1-18. Singh NP, Singh Atar and Singh Lakhan .2005. Yield gap analysis of pulse crops under front line demonstrations in Uttar Pradesh. Zonal Coordination Unit, Zone-IV, Kanpur. Singh AK, Singh Lakhan, Singh Atar and Singh RK. 2008. Inventory of Agricultural Technologies for Uttar Pradesh. Zonal Project Directorate, Zone-IV, Kanpur. Fig. 6: Yield gap and technology index of chickpea in Uttar Pradesh Journal of Food Legumes 263 4: 124-129, 2013 Role of pulses in the food and nutritional security in India SHALENDRA, K.C. GUMMAGOLMATH, PURUSHOTTAM SHARMA 1 and S.M. PATIL 2 CCS National Institute of Agricultural Marketing, Jaipur; Rajasthan, India; 1 Directorate of Soybean Research, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India; 2 Univerisity of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India; E-mail: shalendra_cpsinghrediffmail.com ABSTRACT In spite of impressive growth of Indian agriculture, ensuring household food and nutritional security is still a challenge due to imbalanced growth in agriculture biased towards wheat and rice. Though production of pulses in the recent decade has increased but is not in pace with the increase in population. Pulses for being a major source of protein in Indian diet and for being resource conserving and environmental friendly, the increase in pulse production will act as a panacea for problems like nutritional security. Hence, an attempt has been made in this paper to an alyze the significance of pulses in food consumption and nutritional security vis-à-vis other food items. The analysis is based on the 55 th and 66 th rounds of National Sample Survey pertaining to years 1999-2000 and 2009-10, respectively, using simple descriptive statistics. The dietary pattern has shifted away from cereals and pulses toward fruits, vegetables, processed food and food items of animal origin. The decline in the consumption of pulses has lead to increase in malnutrition and decline in protein intake. Need of the hour is to increase production and availability of pulses by adopting various innovative measures like institutional and policy support, development and wider adoption of HYV and low cost technologies, proper extension services for production and marketing of pulses, development of value chain, etc. Key words: Consumption Pattern, Expenditure Pattern, Elasticity, Food and Nutritional Security, Production and Pulses Food and nutritional security is said to be achieved when adequate food quality, quantity, safety, socio-economic acceptability is available and accessible for and satisfactorily used and utilized by all individuals at all time to live a healthy and active life UNICEF, 2008. The impressive growth of Indian agriculture no doubt has helped the country in achieving self- sufficiency with respect to availability of foodgrains at national level. The estimates suggest that India is likely to be the most populous country on the planet by 2020 with a population of 1.39 billion. India is house for 445 million poor i.e. 35 percent of Indian are living on less than 1.25 a day. Half of the pregnant women are anemic in India while in the case of children under the age of five years, 74 percent are reported to be anemic and 43 percent underweight World Bank, 2012. Hence, ensuring household food and nutritional security is still a challenge for the country, particularly when a huge proportion of 1.2 billion population is poor and malnourished. The growth of agriculture in India may help immensely in improving food and nutritional security as agriculture plays a key role in increasing food availability and higher realization of income, support livelihoods of major proportion of population and contribute to the overall growth of the economy World Bank, 2008. However, imbalanced growth of agriculture may also lead to continued malnutrition. The Green Revolution of mid 1960s, regarded for revolutionizing Indian agriculture, has been biased towards wheat and rice. Pulses and coarse grains, which are the source of staple food and protein requirements for poor, have not been given adequate attention Adiguru and Ramasamy, 2003; Reddy 2009. Though the proportion of pulses have shown some sign of recovery during the last decade owing to various government policies, still much progress could not be made in terms of availability of pulses. Inefficient marketing and relatively higher prices of pulses further aggravates the problem of poor availability of pulses leading to malnutrition. Malnutrition is not the result of a single cause but is multi faceted problem acting singly or in combination with other complex factors like poverty, purchasing power, health care, ignorance and policies Singh, 2009; Reddy, 2013. Pulses for being a major source of protein in Indian diet and for its vital contribution in sustaining agricultural growth due to its resource conserving nature and being environmental friendly, the increase in pulse production will act as a panacea for problem like availability of food and nutritional security. Hence, an attempt has been made in this paper to analyze the significance of pulses in food consumption and nutritional security vis-à-vis other food items. The paper specifically attempts to study the change in consumption pattern of leading food items over time in rural and urban India and their impact on the nutrient intake in terms of energy, protein and fat; and to work out gap in consumption of different food items in comparison to the levels prescribed. An attempt has also been made to examine the composition of consumption expenditure and various other related aspects like availability, production growth, price movement and price elasticity of pulses vis-à-vis other food items so as to suggest appropriate policy measures to enhance the production and availability of pulses. METHODOLOGY The study utilizes secondary information collected from various reports of National Sample Survey Organization on dietary pattern, consumer expenditure and nutrient intake, etc. for fulfilling different objectives of the paper. The analysis is Shalendra et al., : Role of Pulses in the food and nutritional security in India 125 based on the 55 th and 66 th rounds of National Sample Survey pertaining to years 1999-2000 and 2009-10, respectively. The gap in nutrient intake was worked out as per the formula given below: Food Consumption Gap = A Fi - R Fi Where, A Fi = Actual consumption level of i th food item R Fi = Recommended level of i th food item RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Consumption Pattern of Leading Food Items The change in consumption of different food items during 1999-2000 and 2009-10 is presented in the Table-1. The table reveals that per capita daily consumption of cereals declined substantially from 424 gms in 1999-2000 to 378 gms in 2009-10 in rural India i.e. a decrease of nearly 11 percent, whereas corresponding change in urban India was from 347 gms to 312 gms, a decline of about 10 percent. The other two commodities whose consumption has come down in both rural and urban India are pulses and sugar. However, consumption of pulses is a concern for nutritional security, as per capita daily consumption of pulses was 28 gms in rural India during 1999-2000 against a recommended level of 42 gms which further decreased to 23 gms during 2009-10. In urban areas, the per capita daily pulses consumption decreased from 33 to 27 gms during the same period. However, a considerable positive change is observed in the consumption of fruits and vegetables and edible oil. The consumption of fruits and vegetables registered an increase of about 73 percent and 31 percent, respectively in rural India while the increase was to the tune of 53 percent and 21 percent, respectively in urban India. Considerable change in the consumption of food items of animal origin has also been observed. The per capita daily consumption of meat, fish and eggs showed an increasing trend though still lower than recommended level. It increased from 14 gms to 20 gms in rural India and from 19 gms to 24 gms in Urban India during the reference period. The per capita consumption of milk has increased marginally from 127 ml to 138 ml in rural India and from 176 ml to 182 ml in urban India. Change has also been observed in favour of other food items which mainly consist of processed and packaged food items. In all, the consumption is moving away from foodgrains and changing towards horticultural products like fruits and vegetables, food items of animal origin like milk, eggs, meat, fish, etc and processed products. This shift in consumption pattern may be attributed to relative prices of cereals and pulses, diversification towards high value food and change in income and taste and preferences of consumers Mittal, 2007; Reddy, 2004; Reddy, 2009a and Kumar, et al. 2007. Unfavorable change in the consumption of pulses may be due to factors like relatively higher prices, complex marketing due to involvement of processing, slow growth in production and inclination of population towards consumption of animal protein. Change in Dietary Pattern and Nutrient Intake The previous section reveals the transition in dietary pattern from foodgrains to horticultural crops, food items of animal origin and processed food. The impact of this transition in dietary pattern on the nutrition intake has been assessed in terms of change in calories, protein and fat intake. The details of calorie, protein and fat intake from different food items in rural and urban India during 1999-2000 and 2009-10 are presented in the Table-2 to Table-4. Though, the contribution of cereals have come down in rural India by about 11 percent, still as much as 60 percent of calories intake has been contributed by cereals during 2009- 10. Studies suggest that the decline in traditional staple consumption has been significant for coarse cereals like sorghum, pearl millet and Maize Shalini, 2012; Reddy et al. 2013. The downfall in the contribution of cereals in calories intake has been effectively compensated by the increased Table 1. Change in food consumption in rural and urban areas of India, 1999-2000 and 2009-2010 Rural Urban Food Items Unit 1999-00 2009-10 Change 1999-00 2009-10 Change Cereals Grams 424 378 -10.77 347 312 -10.04 Pulses Grams 28 23 -18.21 33 27 -18.70 Vegetables Grams 180 235 30.84 198 239 20.64 Fruits Grams 28 48 72.80 53 81 53.25 Milk ml 127 138 8.56 176 182 3.38 Edible oil Grams 17 21 27.20 24 27 12.05 Sugar Grams 28 23 -16.19 33 27 -17.07 Egg Fish Meat Grams 14 20 39.39 19 24 24.65 Others Grams 55 80 45.93 104 120 14.59 Rural Urban Food Items 1999-00 2009-10 Change 1999-00 2009-10 Change Cereal 1449 68.00 1296 60.20 -10.54 1184 55.35 1069 49.86 -9.66 Pulses 96 4.50 77 3.58 -19.85 115 5.38 92 4.29 -19.72 FV 114 5.35 145 6.73 26.98 134 6.26 164 7.65 22.37 Milk 137 6.43 142 6.60 3.65 204 9.54 197 9.19 -3.50 Edible oil 150 7.04 191 8.87 27.20 219 10.24 245 11.43 12.05 Sugar 111 5.21 93 4.32 -15.85 131 6.12 109 5.08 -17.08 Egg Fish Meat 17 0.80 23 1.07 39.85 24 1.12 30 1.40 24.58 Other 58 2.72 185 8.59 220.91 129 6.03 238 11.10 84.78 Grand Total 2131 100.00 2153 100.00 1.00 2139 100.00 2144 100.00 0.22 Table 2. Nutrient intake by source in India: Energy Kcal 126 Journal of Food Legumes 263 4, 2013 intake of calories from other sources like edible oil, fruits and vegetables and milk Reddy and Bantilan, 2012. Similar pattern has been observed in urban India also. The proportion of cereals in total calorie intake is lower in urban areas as compared to rural areas. All these observations clearly indicate that consumption of cereals has come down due to shift away from traditional staples. It has been observed that as income rises, households generally diversify their food consumption pattern by shifting towards high value and high quality food items Kumar et al. 2007. In the case of fat intake, the situation has improved both in urban and rural areas for period under consideration in all the food items except cereals, pulses and sugar. The same has been reflected by an increase in fat intake by nearly 20 percent in rural India and more than 9 percent in urban India. Only a small portion is being contribution by sugar and pulses. In the case of protein, though there is a marginal decline in the protein intake in both rural and urban areas, it has been in the range of recommended level of 60 gms per capita per day. Apart from providing calories, two third of total protein intake in rural areas and more than half of the total protein intake in urban areas is being contributed by cereals. Next major source of protein is pulses with 8.5 percent contribution in rural areas and 10.4 percent contribution in urban areas 2009-10. It is revealed that during the period under consideration, the proportion of protein from cereals and pulses has come down both in rural and urban areas. The decline in contribution from cereals is obvious due to shift in consumption from traditional items to fruits, vegetables and animal protein. The concern is the decline in the contribution made by pulses as a source of protein. Mainly in ensuring a balanced diet to the poor who may not have that easy access to high value protein alternatives of horticultural crops and animal origin, pulses could be better alternative. The poor mainly rely on cereals and pulses for their protein requirements. Under such circumstances, pulses can act as an important source of protein for poor in urban and rural India. Gap in Consumption of different Food Items The gap in the consumption of different food items in comparison to the level prescribed is presented in Table-5. The consumption of cereals in rural India in both the period under consideration is found to be above the recommended level. However, the consumption in urban India declined below recommended level during 2009-10 with a gap of 18 gms. Cereals are an import source of energy in Indian diet and their deficiency may lead to fall in energy intake and also utilization of other vital nutrients. In addition to cereals, the consumption of all items except sugar and edible oils is found to be lower than the prescribed level in rural as well as urban India during both the Table 3. Nutrient intake by source in India: Fat Grams Rural Urban Food Items 1999-00 2009-10 Change 1999-00 2009-10 Change Cereal 5.1 14.26 4.3 10.06 -15.77 3.9 7.78 3.47 6.35 -10.99 Pulses 0.52 1.45 0.45 1.05 -13.7 0.63 1.26 0.54 0.99 -14.65 FV 1.22 3.41 1.57 3.67 28.15 1.62 3.23 2.02 3.69 24.83 Milk 9.93 27.76 10.04 23.50 1.06 15.18 30.28 14.34 26.23 -5.53 Edible oil 16.67 46.60 21.2 49.61 27.2 24.33 48.53 27.27 49.88 12.05 Sugar 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -69.29 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -22.00 Egg Fish Meat 0.56 1.57 0.77 1.80 37.79 0.9 1.80 1.07 1.96 19.15 Other 1.76 4.92 4.4 10.30 149.87 3.57 7.12 5.96 10.90 66.81 Grand Total 35.77 100.00 42.73 100.00 19.45 50.13 100.00 54.67 100.00 9.05 Table 4. Nutrient intake by source in India: Protein Grams Rural Urban Food Items 1999-00 2009-10 Change 1999-00 2009-10 Change Cereal 39.88 68.09 35.67 61.48 -10.54 33.41 57.16 30.11 52.15 -9.86 Pulses 6.4 10.93 4.94 8.51 -22.78 7.65 13.09 5.98 10.36 -21.82 FV 3.02 5.16 3.95 6.81 30.89 3.55 6.07 4.3 7.45 21.07 Milk 5.1 8.71 5.55 9.57 8.9 7.27 12.44 7.36 12.75 1.21 Sugar 0.04 0.07 0.03 0.05 -33.89 0.04 0.07 0.03 0.05 -17.54 Egg Fish Meat 2.42 4.13 3.47 5.98 43.72 3.41 5.83 4.45 7.71 30.62 Other 1.72 2.94 4.41 7.60 156.15 3.13 5.36 5.5 9.53 75.88 Grand Total 58.57 100.00 58.02 100.00 -0.93 58.45 100.00 57.74 100.00 -1.22 Table-5: Gap in consumption and requirement of different food items in India - indicates gap in consumption Rural Urban Food Items Unit 1999-00 2009-10 Change in Gap 1999-00 2009-10 Change in Gap Cereals Grams 94 48 -- 17 -18 -- Pulses Grams -14 -19 -12.14 -9 -15 -14.84 Vegetables Grams -170 -115 15.84 -152 -111 11.68 Fruits Grams -72 -52 20.40 -47 -19 28.31 Milk ml -173 -162 3.63 -124 -118 1.98 Edible oil Grams 4 -- 7 10 -- Sugar Grams 5 0 -19.71 10 4 -- Egg Fish Meat Grams -16 -10 18.62 -11 -6 15.98 Shalendra et al., : Role of Pulses in the food and nutritional security in India 127 periods. However, this gap has come down in all the food items other than pulses during 2009-10. The gap in the per capita daily consumption of pulses has increased from 14 gms in 1999-2000 to 19 gms in 2009-10 in rural India and from 9 gms to 15 gms in Urban India during the same period. Composition of Consumption Expenditure The figures presented in the Table-6 revealed that, the proportion of total expenditure on food items has come down over time in both rural and urban India. The expenditure on different commodities except cereals has, in general, either increased or remained same in terms of proportion of expenditure made on food items. In the case of pulses, even with the decline in quantity consumed, the proportion of expenditure towards pulses in the total household expenditure on food items has increased mainly on account of increase in prices of pulses in the recent past. story. The probable reason for slow growth in production of pulses is that major proportion of area under pulses is cultivated under rainfed conditions Savadatti, 2007. Some progress in pulses has been made during the last decade due to various policy initiatives of the Government, the positive change in pulse production does not seem to be enough to cater to the need of masses as has been reflected by the lower per capita availability of pulses at national level. Per capita availability of various food items like milk, sugar and edible oil is found to have increased over a period of time and are comparable to the prescribed level recommended by NIN, 2010 Table-7. In addition to availability, the distribution of foods, both within the community and the family, may be unfavorable to some vulnerable groups due to low income and low purchasing power. In view of the high cost of milk, a large proportion of the Indian population subsists on diets consisting mostly of vegetarian foods with low nutrient bio- availability NIN, 2010. Rural Urban Food Items 1999-2000 2009-10 1999-2000 2009-10 Cereals 22.2 37.4 15.6 29.1 12.4 25.8 9.1 22.4 Gram 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2 Cereals substitute 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Pulse and pulse products 3.8 6.4 3.7 6.9 2.8 5.8 2.7 6.6 Milk and milk products 8.8 14.8 8.6 16.0 8.7 18.1 7.8 19.2 Edible oil 3.7 6.2 3.7 6.9 3.1 6.4 2.6 6.4 Egg, fish and meat 3.3 5.6 3.5 6.5 3.1 6.4 2.7 6.6 Vegetables 6.2 10.4 6.2 11.6 5.1 10.6 4.3 10.6 Fruits and nuts 1.7 2.9 1.6 3.0 2.4 5.0 2.1 5.2 Sugar 2.4 4.0 2.4 4.5 1.6 3.3 1.5 3.7 Others 7.1 12.0 8.0 14.9 8.8 17.9 7.8 19.2 Total Food 59.4 100 53.6 100 48.1 100 40.7 100 Total Non-food 40.6 46.4 51.9 59.3 Total Expenditure 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Note: MRP estimates for 1999-2000, Figures in parentheses are proportion of expenditure made on food items Table 6. Trends in p ercent composition of consumer expenditure MPCE Food Production and Availability The foodgrains production has recorded impressive growth since independence. It has increased from about 50 million tones at the time of independence to over 240 million tones during 2010-11. The present level of foodgrains production seems to be adequate at national level, but the production of pulses being a vital source of protein for poor and vegetarian society, could not emulate the same growth Table 7. Availability of different food items in India Food Items Unit 1990 2000 2005- 06 2006- 07 2007- 08 2008- 09 2009- 10 NIN Cereals gmday 432 423 413 407 394 407 407 330 Pulses gmday 41 32 33 36 42 37 32 42 Milk mlday 176 220 241 251 260 266 273 300 Vegetable s gmday 212 243 -- 210 -- -- -- 350 Edible Oils gmday 18 26 29 30 31 35 36 17 Sugar gmday 34 43 45 46 49 52 51 23 The growth in the production of some of the leading crops is presented in Table-8. The performance of pulses was found to be poor in comparison to wheat and rice except for the last decade. During last decade, pulse production registered a growth of 3.47 percent, which does not seem to be sufficient to take care of the individual requirement as the per capita consumption has declined. This decline in consumption of pulses over years may possibly be attributed to factors like increase in population leading to supply gap, rise in price of pulses as reflected in the Figure-1 and shift in consumption towards fruits, vegetables and animal protein, etc. Crops 1980-81 to 1989-90 1990-91 to 1999- 2000 2000-01 to 2011- 12 Rice 3.62 17.06 2.02 13.31 1.72 5.30 Wheat 3.57 15.49 3.57 18.30 2.37 10.92 Coarse Cereals 0.40 2.05 -0.02 -2.29 3.01 6.97 Pulses 1.52 2.10 0.59 0.11 3.47 3.24 Table 8. Growth in production of crops Base TE1981-82=100 Note: Figures in parentheses are the absolute change in production million tonnes Source: Economic Survey, 2011-12, GOI 128 Journal of Food Legumes 263 4, 2013 Same has been reflected by the analysis of compensated own-price elasticities Mittal, 2006. The own-price elasticity of all the commodities has the expected negative signs Table-9. The price elasticity is lowest for cereals and milk and highest for products of meat origin. The price elasticity of pulses is comparatively higher than cereals and milk especially for very poor, poor and non-poor section of the population. Pulse consumption by very poor household in rural areas declines by 0.72 per cent when the price of pulse rises by 1 per cent and thus revealing that, pulse consumption is more sensitive to price changes than cereal and milk consumption. High value commodities are very sensitive to prices. Most Indian consumers have relatively low incomes, and tend to be very price-sensitive buyers of most items, including pulses. A breakthrough in pulses production technology is necessary to keep pace with rising demand for this commodity. down mainly due to decline in the consumption of pulses which is a major source of quality protein compared to other food items. The concern is reduction in consumption of pulses for predominantly vegetarian society and poor due to high price and fluctuation in supply of pulses. Moreover, pulses may act as a low cost substitute during high prices of vegetables and food items of animal origin. Though, the production of pulses has registered an impressive growth in the recent decade but it is not in pace with the increase in the population. Thus, need of the hour is to increase production and availability of pulses by adopting various innovative measures. This will ensure food and nutritional security by bringing sustainability in agricultural production in the country. In order to increase the growth in production of pulses, institutional and policy support is required for enhancing area under pulses, development of HYVs, supply of quality inputs Kumar et al. and Singh et al. 2012, intercropping Sankaranarayanan et al. 2011, proper extension of production technologies Tomar et al. 2009, development of value chain, etc. The supply of pulses can be increased by having orderly marketing of pulses. The availability of information being a vital component will make farmers to respond more effectively to the various initiatives of the Government. With the advent of technology, the information flow could reach to the lowest level of farming community. Popularizing low cost technology of production, promotion of high yielding varieties and marketing related issues will be more effective using ICT. The elasticity of the demand for high value commodities is highly price sensitive and hence, in the event in the rise in price of such commodities, pulses will act a substitute for cheaper protein. Also, considering the fact that, wide spread malnutrition prevailing among children and women in India, there is need to promote consumption of pulses by linking to programme like mid-day meal and rural health mission by incorporating either free distribution of pulses or by subsidizing the food. REFERENCES Adiguru, P. and Ramasamy, C. 2003. Agricultural Based Interventions for Sustainable Nutritional Security. Policy Paper 17, National Centre for Agricultural Economics and Policy Research, New Delhi. GOI. 2001. Consumption of Some Important Commodities in India 1999-2000. NSS 55 th Round, National Sample Survey Organization, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of India, New Delhi. GOI. 2012a. Nutritional Intake in India, NSS 66 th Round. National Sample Survey Organization, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of India, New Delhi. GOI. 2012b. Household Consumption of Various Goods and Services in India. NSS 66 th Round, National Sample Survey Organization, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of India, New Delhi. Kumar, P, Mruthyunjaya and M Dey Madan, 2007. Long-term Changes in Indian Food Basket and Nutrition. Economic and Political Weekly September 1, pp 2637-3572. Figure 1. Wholesale Price Index of major consumption items Base 1993-94 Table 9. Compensated Own-Price Elasticity of Pulses Pulses Cereals Milk Fish, Meat and Chicken Class Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Very Poor - 0.72 - 0.79 - 0.40 - 0.44 - 0.84 - 0.34 - 3.11 - 2.62 Poor - 0.74 - 0.78 - 0.43 - 0.44 - 0.01 - 0.52 - 2.78 - 2.41 Non-Poor - 0.75 - 0.77 - 0.45 - 0.44 - 0.46 - 0.64 - 2.47 - 2.24 Rich - 0.74 - 0.74 - 0.45 - 0.41 - 0.72 - 0.78 - 2.20 - 2.01 All - 0.74 - 0.75 - 0.46 - 0.43 - 0.62 - 0.74 - 2.33 - 2.09 In the recent past food consumption pattern has undergone considerable change owing to various factors like increase in income, urbanization, change in consumer taste and preferences, awareness about safe and healthy food, etc. As a result, the composition of diet and nutrition intake has changed considerably. It is evident from the fact that the dietary plan has shifted away from cereals and pulses toward fruits, vegetables, processed food and food items of animal origin. The consumption of pulses has come down for various possible reasons like poor availability, high prices and availability of cheaper alternatives of animal origin. The shift in consumption towards horticultural crops and food items of animal origin has no doubt contributed towards higher intake of calories, but the intake of protein at the same time has come Shalendra et al., : Role of Pulses in the food and nutritional security in India 129 Kumar Rajesh, Singh S K, Purushottam and Sah Uma. 2012. Dissemination of pulse production technologies in Uttar Pradesh: A micro-level analysis. Journal of Food Legumes. 254: 340-343. Mittal, Surabhi. 2006. Structural Shift in Demand for Food: projections for 2020. Working Paper No 184, ICRIER, New Delhi. Mittal, Surabhi. 2007. What affect changes in cereal consumption? Economic and Political Weekly February 3, pp 444-47. NIN. 2010. Dietary Guidelines for Indian – A Manual. National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh Purushottam, Singh S K, Chaudhary R G, Kumar Rajesh, Praharaj C S and Krishna Bal. 2012. Assessment of technological inputs for major pulses in Bundelkhand region. Journal of Food Legumes 251:61-65. Reddy A A. 2004. Consumption pattern, trade and production potential of pulses, Economic and Political Weekly 3944: 4 854–60. Reddy A A. 2009. Pulses production technology: Status and way forward. Economic and Political Weekly 44 52: 73–80. Reddy A A. 2009a. Policy options for India’s edible oil complex.” Economic and Political Weekly 44 4: 22–4. Reddy A A. 2013. Strategies for reducing mismatch between demand and supply of grain legumes, Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 83 3: 243–59 Reddy, A A and Yadav, O P and Malik, D P and Singh, I P and Ardeshna, N J and Kundu, K K and Gupta, S K and Sharma, R and Sawargaonkar, G and Shyam, D M and Reddy, K S. 2013. Utilization Pattern, Demand and Supply of Pearl Millet Grain and Fodder in Western India. Working Paper Series No. 37. Working Paper. International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh, India. Reddy, A A and Bantilan, M C S. 2012.Competitiveness and technical efficiency: Determinants in the groundnut oil sector of India. Food Policy, 37 3. pp. 255-263. Sankaranarayanan K, Praharaj C S, Nalayini P and Gopalakrishnan N. 2011. Grain legume as a doable remunerative intercrop in rainfed cotton. Journal of Food Legumes 241:18-22. Savadatti, Puspa M. 2007. An Econometric Analysis of Demand and Supply Response of Pulses in India. Karnataka Journal of Agricultural Sciences 20 3: 545-550. Shalini, Gupta. 2012. Food Expenditure and Intake in the NSS 66 th Round. Economic and Political Weekly January 14, pp. 23-26. Sharma, V. K. 2011. An Economic Analysis of Food Consumption Pattern in India. International Referred Research Journal 2 24:71- 74. Singh, R. B. 2009. Towards a Food Secure India and South Asia: Making Hunger History. Asia-Pacific Association of Agricultural Research Institute, Thailand. Tomar R K S, Sahu B L, Singh Rupendra K and Prajapati R K. 2009. Productivity enhancement of blackgram Vigna mungo L. through improved production technologies in farmers’ Held. Journal of Food Legumes. 223:202-204. UNICEF. 2008. Food Prices Increases Nutrition Security: Action for Children. United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund http:www.unicef.orgeaproFood_Prices_Technical_Note_- july_4th.pdf. World Bank. 2008. World Development Report 2008: Agriculture for Development. Washington, DC, World Bank. World Bank. 2012. World Development Indicators 2012. Washington, DC, World Bank. Journal of Food Legumes 263 4: 130-133, 2013 Short Communication Genetic variability and character association analysis in french bean phaseolus vulgaris L. ANAND SINGH and DHIRENDRA KUMAR SINGH Department of Vegetable Science, College of Agriculture, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture Technology, Pantnagar-263 145, U.S.Nagar, Uttarakhand, India; E-mail: dksinghbaisgmail.com Received : April 11, 2013 ; Accepted : July 30, 2013 ABSTRACT Forty two divergent genotypes of French bean Phaseolus vulgaris L. were evaluated for yield and yield attributes during spring season of 2009-10. Genotypes differed significantly for all the characters. High genetic advance coupled with high heritability was observed for 100- seed weight, seed yieldplant, pod yieldplant and pod yield qtha, indicating there by the preponderance of additive gene action for these characters. Correlation an alysis in dicated that pod yieldplan t was significant and positively associated with days taken to Ist flowering and Ist picking, pod length and seed yieldplant. Path co-efficient analysis revealed that days taken to Ist flowering, days to Ist picking, pod length, 100- seed weight and seed yield plant had positive direct effect on pod yieldha. Hence, selection on these traits could be improving seed yield in French bean. Key words: Correlations, French bean, Genetic advance, Heritability French bean Phaseolus vulgaris L. is a popular pod legume as well as important vegetable crop in many part of the world. In India, it is cultivated on an area of about 162 thousand hectare with the production of 432 thousand metric tons and annual productivity of 2800kgha FAO, 2009. Success of plant breeding programme depends mainly on the spectrum of genetic variability available in the population. A wide variability will provide the breeder a greater scope for selecting desired material. Yield is a complex and dependent character, which is associated with number of component characters that are interrelated. Thus, effective improvement in yield may be brought through selection in yield components which show close association with yield. Correlation measures mutual association without considering the causation while, path coefficient analysis provides an effective means of disclosure on direct and indirect cause of association and permits a critical examination of specific forces acting to produce a given correlation and measures the relative importance of each causal factor. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to study the variability and association of different yield attributes in the selected genotypes of French bean. The present study was carried out at Vegetable Research Centre, Department of Vegetable Science, College of Agriculture, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture Technology, Pantnagar, U. S. Nagar, Uttarakhand during the spring season of 2009-10. The experimental material consisted of 42 genotypes. The genotypes were sown in a randomized block design with three replications. Seeds were sown at spacing of 15 cm within row and 30cm between the rows. To recording the observation, 10 plants were randomly selected from each genotype and each replication. Data were obtained on 10 quantitative characters viz,. days to 50 seed germination, plant height at 30 days after seed sowing, days taken to Ist flowering, days to Ist picking, pod length, weight of single pod, 100-seed weight, seed yield per plant, pod yield per plant and pod yield per hectare qha. Analysis of variances for all the characters was carried out by the method of Panse and Sukhatme 1967. Phenotypic, genotypic and coefficients of variation were calculated as per the method of Burton and De vane 1953. Genotypic and phenotypic correlations were calculated to find out the association between different traits as mentioned by Searle 1961. The significance of correlation coefficients was tested by comparing with‘t’ value at n-2 d.f. as discussed by Snedecor and Cochran 1967. The analysis of variance revealed that the differences among the genotypes were significant for all the characters which confirm that the material involved in the study has higher magnitude of variation. Estimates of components of variance, heritability in broad sense and genetic advance of ten characters are presented in Table 1. The results indicated that in general the relative magnitude of phenotypic coefficient of variation was higher than the corresponding genotypic coefficient of variation for all the characters, which indicated that these characters had interaction with the environment. Seed yieldplant recorded the highest genotypic coefficient of variation, followed by 100- seed weight, pod yieldplant, pod yield, weight of single pod, days to 50 seed germination, pod length, plant height at 30 days after seed sowing, days taken to Ist flowering and days to Ist picking. The efficiency of selection procedure is more appropriate only when the parents having a high variability for the desirable characters, which are heritable in nature. It was suggested by Burton 1952, that genotypic coefficient of variation together with heritability estimates would give the best scope for getting desirable characters through selection of parents for Singh Singh : Genetic variability and character association analysis in french bean Phaseolus vulgaris L. 131 hybridization. Heritability broad sense was also found higher for all the characters except days to Ist picking and weight of single pod. Such high level of heritability may be due to the control of additive gene action in expression of these characters. Heritability alone does not give any clear picture about the nature of inheritance of a trait. Heritability estimates in conjunction with genetic advance over mean gives the nature of inheritance of a trait. In the present study, high genetic advance coupled with high heritability was observed in the characters namely 100-seed weight, seed yieldplant, pod yield plant and pod yield qtha. This suggested the preponderance of additive gene action with low environmental influence for the determination of these characters and could be effective in phenotypic selection. Raffi and Nath 2004 reported the additive gene effect for pod yield per plant, 100- seed weight and seed yield plant. The characters, plant height at 30 days after sowing and pod length exhibited high heritability with low genetic advance may be due to non additive gene action. High heritability coupled with moderate genetic advance was observed for days to 50 seed germination and days taken to first flowering, implies equal importance of additive and non additive gene actions. Similar observations were reported in green gram by Parameswarappa and Salimath 2007, Parameswarappa 2005 and Kumar et al., 2003. Coefficient of Variation Character Mean Genotypic Phenotypic Heritability Broad sense Genetic advance GA Genetic advance as per cent of mean Days to 50 seed germination 15.19 15.80 16.26 94.34 4.80 31.59 Plant height at 30 days after seed sowing cm 12.90 11.05 12.01 84.70 2.70 20.93 Days taken to 1 st flowering 40.74 7.53 7.69 95.80 6.19 15.20 Days to 1 st picking 61.71 1.72 1.94 79.27 1.95 3.15 Pod length cm 8.89 14.69 15.94 84.94 2.47 27.28 Weight of single pod g 4.39 23.01 26.33 76.34 1.78 41.29 100 seed weight g 23.84 37.36 37.41 99.69 18.32 76.48 Seed yield per plant g 26.61 48.82 48.86 99.81 26.74 100.48 Pod yield per plant g 25.19 27.75 27.90 98.94 14.33 56.88 Pod yield qtha 75.67 27.75 27.90 98.92 42.98 56.85 Table: 1. Genetic parameters for 10 characters in French bean Table: 2. Correlation coefficient between different characters in French bean Character Level Days to 50 seed germination Plant height at 30 days after seed sowing cm Days taken to 1 st flowering Days to 1 st picking Pod length cm Weight of single pod g 100 seed weight g Seed yield per plant g Pod yield per plant g Pod yield qtha P 1 -0.4540 0.1699 -0.1365 0.1470 0.1576 0.0270 0.1709 0.0235 0.0235 Days to 50 seed germination G 1 -0.5055 0.1805 -0.1408 0.1665 0.1699 0.2154 0.1772 0.0219 0.0219 P 1 0.0378 0.0505 -0.0682 -0.1094 -0.1007 0.1119 0.0850 0.0847 Plant height at 30 days after sowing cm G 1 0.0420 0.0645 -0.0761 -0.1143 -0.1090 0.1212 0.0864 0.0866 P 1 -0.1237 0.2565 0.4117 0.1946 -0.0377 0.3087 0.3092 Days taken to 1 st flowering G 1 -0.1578 0.2845 0.4688 0.1999 -0.0376 0.3189 0.3187 P 1 -0.0650 0.0913 -0.0615 0.2242 0.2940 0.2959 Days to 1 st picking G 1 -0.0709 0.1099 -0.0696 0.2563 0.3412 0.3401 P 1 0.3361 -0.0766 0.3118 0.4226 0.4226 Pod length cm G 1 0.3816 -0.0835 0.3370 0.4678 0.4678 P 1 0.3624 0.0083 0.1657 0.1648 Weight of single pod g G 1 0.4192 0.0081 0.1973 0.1978 P 1 -0.1671 -0.1510 -0.1508 100 seed weight g G 1 -0.1678 -0.1524 -0.1525 P 1 0.3718 0.3713 Seed yield per plant g G 1 0.3737 0.3737 P 1 0.9998 Pod yield per plant g G 1 0.1000 P 1 Pod yield qtha G 1 132 Journal of Food Legumes 263 4, 2013 The data in respect of correlation coefficient analysis between important characters both phenotypic and genotypic level are presented in Table 2. In general, the genotypic correlation coefficients were higher than phenotypic correlations. This indicated that low phenotypic correlation might be due to the masking effect of environment in genetic association between the characters Johnson et.al.1955. The correlation of the yield and yield contributing characters indicated that pod yield plant was significant and positively associated with days taken to Ist flowering, days to Ist picking, pod length and seed yield per plant. Vasic et.al. 1997, Berrocal et.al. 2002, Upadhyay, 2001 and Chaubey et.al. 2012 reported similar types of findings in French bean. Interestingly, these characters were also positive and significantly correlated with each other. Therefore, the positively correlated yield attributes, days taken to Ist flowering, days to first picking, pod length, seed yieldplant should be considered as crucial parameters for selection in breeding programme targeted for high yield in French bean. Similar results were observed by Singh 1993 and Vasic et.al. 1997. This association indicating that increase and decrease in pod yield plant directly reflected in the length of pod. The path analysis Table3 revealed that days taken to Ist flowering, days to Ist picking, pod length, 100- seed weight and seed yieldplant had positive direct effects on pod yield ha. Whereas negative direct effect was registered for days to 50 seed germination, plant height at 30 days after seed sowing, weight of single pod and pod yieldplant. Pod length, days to Ist flowering, seed yieldplant, 100 seed weight, and days to Ist picking had the highest direct positive effects on pod yieldhectare. These findings are in congruity with Prakash and Ram 1981, Joshi and Mehra 1984 and Nath and Korla 2004. Table: 3. Phenotypic and genotypic Path coefficient for yield in French bean Level Correlatio n with pod yield ha Direct effect Days to 50 seed germination Plant height at 30 days after seed sowing cm Days taken to 1 st flowering Days to 1 st picking Pod length cm Weight of single pod g 100 seed weight g Seed yield per plant g Pod yield per plant g P 0.023 -0.000 - 0.0009 0.0002 -0.0007 0.001 -0.0006 -0.0001 -0.0001 0.2346 Days to 50 seed germination G 0.021 -1.680 - 0.753 0.538 -0.016 0.554 -0.242 .339 .524 -0.133 P 0.084 -0.002 0.0001 - 0.000 0.0002 -0.0001 0.0004 .0000 -0.0000 0.0848 Plant height at 30 days after seed sowing cm G 0.086 -1.490 0.0849 - 0.125 .007 -0.253 0.163 -0.171 0.358 -0.527 P 0.309 0.001 -0.0036 -0.0001 - -0.0006 0.000 -0.0016 -0.0000 0.0000 0.3082 Days taken to 1 st flowering G 0.318 2.981 -0.303 -0.062 - -0.018 0.948 -0.669 .314 -0.111 -1.946 P 0.295 .005 0.0001 -0.0001 -0.0002 - -0.000 -0.0003 0.0000 -0.0001 0.2935 Days to 1 st picking G 0.340 0.117 .236 -0.096 -0.470 - -0.236 -0.157 -109 0.758 -2.083 P 0.422 0.000 0.000 .0001 0.0010 -0.0003 - -0.0013 0.0000 -0.0002 0.4219 Pod length cm G 0.467 3.332 -0.279 0.113 0.848 -0.008 - -0.545 -0.131 0.997 -2.855 P 0.164 -0.003 0.000 .0002 0.0006 0.0004 0.0001 - -0.0001 -0.0000 0.1650 Weight of single pod g G 0.197 -1.428 -0.285 0.170 1.397 0.012 1.271 - .660 0.023 -1.204 P -0.150 -0.000 -0.0004 .0002 0.0003 -0.0003 -0.0001 -0.0014 - 0.0001 -0.1507 100 seed weight g G -0.152 1.575 -0.361 0.162 0.596 -0.008 -0.278 -0.598 - -0.496 0.930 P 0.371 0.000 -0.0001 -0.0002 -0.000 0.0011 0.0001 -0.000 0.0000 - 0.3708 Seed yield plant g G 0.373 2.960 -0.297 -0.0180 -0.112 0.0030 1.123 -0.011 -0264 - -2.281 P 0.999 -0.998 -0.000 -0.0001 0.0005 0.0015 0.0001 -0.0006 0.0001 -0.0003 - Pod yield plant g G 0.100 -6.105 -0.036 -0.128 0.950 0.040 1.559 -0.281 -0.240 1.106 - On the basis of the present investigation it was revealed that days to Ist flowering, days to Ist picking, pod length 100- seed weight, seed yieldplant and pod yield plant were important traits in French bean. Therefore, direct selection for these traits might bring an improvement in green pod and seed yield. REFERENCES Berrocal Ibarra S, Ortiz Cereceres J. and Pana VCB. 2002. Yield components, harvest index and leaf area efficiency of a sample of a wild population and a domesticated variant of the common bean Phaseolus vulgaris.South African Journal of Botany. 68: 205- 211. Burton GW. 1952. Quantitative Inheritance in Grasses. Proc. 6th Inst. Grassland. Cong., 1: 277-283. Burton GW and De Vane EH.1953.Estamating variability in tall Fescue Festuca arundinacea from replicated clonal material. Agron. J.45:478-81. Chaubey BK, Yadav CB, Kumar K and Srivastava RK. 2012. Genetic variability, character association and path coefficient analysis in faba bean. Journal of Food Legumes 254: 348-350. FAO. 2009. Production year book, Italy, Rome, United Nations. Johnson HW, Robinson HF and Comstock RE. 1955. Estimates of variance and environmental variability in soybean. Agron. Journal 47 : 314- 318. Joshi BD.and Mehra KL. 1984. Path analysis of productivity in french bean. Prog. Hort.16:78-84 Kumar Kamleshwar, Prasad KD and Verma AK . 2003. Genetic variability, correlation and path coefficient analysis in greengram.

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Nath S and Korla BN. 2004. Path analysis of some quantitative characters in dwarf French bean Phaseolus vulgaris L in relation to pod yield. Legume Research, 273:228-230. Singh Singh : Genetic variability and character association analysis in french bean Phaseolus vulgaris L. 133 Panse VG and Sukhatme PV. 1967. Statical Method for Agricultural Works.ICAR, New Delhi. Parameswarappa SG. 2005. Genetic variability, combining ability and path coefficient analysis in greengram. Karnataka J. Agric. Sci., 18 4: 1090-1092. Parameswarappa SG. and Salimath KD. 2007. Studies on genetic variability, combining ability and path coefficient analysis in greengram. Crop Res. 34 113: 195- 197. Prakash KS and Ram HH. 1981. Path coefficient analysis of morphological traits and development stages in french bean. Indian

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Raffi SA and Nath UK. 2004. Variability, heritability, and genetic advance and relationships of yield and yield contributing characters in dry bean Phaseolus vulgaris L.. Journal of Biological Science 4 2:157-159. Searle SR. 1961. Phenotypic, genotypic and environmental correlations. Biometrics 17: 474-480. Singh AK. 1993 .Genetic variability and correlation studies in french bean.Haryana J.Hort. Sci., 223: 125-128. Snedecor,GW and Cochran WG .1967. Statistical methods. Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., Calcutta. Upadhyay P . 2001. Genetic diversity and path coefficient analysis in French bean Phaseolus vulgaris L. M.Sc. Ag thesis submitted to G.B.P.U.A.T.Pantnagar, India. Vasic M, Gvozdanovic Varga J, Cervenski J, Jevtic S and Lazic B. 1997. The interdependence of morphological characters in Yugoslavian bean varieties Phaseolus vulgaris L.. In: Proceedings of the first Balkan symposium on vegetables and Potatoes, Belgrade, Yugoslavia. Acta Horti., 462: 235-241. Journal of Food Legumes 263 4: 134-136, 2013 Short Communication Assessment of heritable components in chickpea Cicer arietinum L. SUDHANSHU JAIN, S.C. SRIVASTAVA, Y. M. INDAPURKAR and H.S. YADAVA Directorate of Research Services, Rajmata Vijayaraje Scindia Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Gwalior 474 002, Madhya Pradesh, India; E-mail: sharadrvskvvgmail.com Received : August 20, 2013 ; Accepted : November 27, 2013 ABSTRACT Thirty newly bred and diverse genotypes were tested to assess the heritable variation and yield factors in chickpea. Highly significant differences among the genotypes were noted for all characters studied. Seed yield plant, harvest index, and 100 seed weight exhibited high heritability and moderate to high estimates of genetic advance as percentage of mean. Plant height, pods plant, seeds pod, 100 seed weight and harvest index showed positive and significant correlation with seed yield plant. The correlation between days to 50 flowering and seed yield plant was negative and significant. Path analysis showed that plant height, days to maturity, primary branches plant pods plant, seeds pod, 100 seed weight and harvest index were major yield factors in chickpea. Genotypes BG 3012 {BGD 72 x BG 362 SBD 377} and AKG 04-11 {ICC 14 x JG 23 BG 1032 appeared as promising genotypes for use in breeding programme aimed at genetic improvement in seed yield of chickpea. Key words : Chickpea, Correlation coefficient, Path analysis Chickpea Cicer arietinum L. an important winter pulse crop of semi-arid tropics. India is a major producer of chickpea in the world which contributes about 8.22 million tons to total chickpea bosket from an area of around 9.19 million ha. The genetic manipulation have been successfully made for shorter crop duration 100 days, high yield 2.0 tonha and durable resistance against Fusaroum wilt but, its average productivity is low 895kgha during 2010-11 which need improvement. Selection of genotypes based on yield per se is not much effective due to existence genotypes x environment interaction hence, breeders concentrate on the selection based yield attributes which are known to be least influenced by the environmental fluctuations. The knowledge on heritable variation and relative merits of yield factors helps in achieving the selection gain during the process of section. Some information on these aspects is available in chickpea but this information is lacking for newly bred Indian chickpea genotypes. An attempt was therefore made in this study to determine the extent of heritable variation and to judge relative merit of yield factors for genetic amelioration of seed yield in chickpea. Thirty newly bred genotypes of chickpea, collected from different AICRP centers of the country were tested in randomized block design with three replications at Rajmata Vijayaraje Scindia Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, College of Agriculture, Gwalior, India during Rabi 2010-2011. Each genotype was grown in three row plots of 5.0m length having row-to-row and plant-to-plant spacing at 30cm and 10cm, respectively. Five competitive plants were randomly selected from each genotypes in each replication for recording observation on days to 50 flowering, days to maturity, plant height cm, primary branchesplant, pods plant, seeds pod, 100 seed weight g, harvest index, and seed yield plant g. Statistical software SPAR 1, developed at Indian Statistical Research Institute, New Delhi was used for the estimation of all the genetic parameters of the present study. Mean sum of squares due to genotypes were highly significant for all characters studied indicating the existence of sufficient variability hence, offer good scope for the selection of desirable genotype from present material Arora and Jeena, 1999. The understanding of genetic variability provides many avenues for genetic amelioration of the crop however; very limited information is available on the extent of genetic variation in newly bred genotypes developed through recombinant breeding in chickpea. The present study showed the existence of medium to high magnitude of phenotypic coefficient of variation PCV for pods plant, seeds pod, 100 seed weight and seed yield plant . Low to medium estimates of variability was noted for days to maturity, days to 50 flowering, primary branches plant and harvest index. In general, the estimate of heritability was high for all the characters studies except primary branches plant and seed pod. The magnitude of genetic advance as percentage of mean was high for seed yield plant, harvest index, and 100 seed weight. Thus, seed yield plant, harvest index, plant height and 100 seed weight exhibited high heritability coupled with high genetic advance hence; direct selection based on phenotypic performance may be effective as these traits are under control of additive genetic system Yadava et al., 2003. In general, the direction of genotypic and phenotypic correlations was mostly same but the magnitude of genotypic correlation was higher than the phenotypic correlations. It revealed the masking influence of environmental factors on phenotypic expression of the characters. A critical perusal of all possible phenotypic correlation coefficients among seed yield and its attributing characters revealed that plant height, pods plant, seeds pod, 100 seed weight and harvest index showed positive and significant correlation with seed yield Jain et al., : Assessment of heritable components in chickpea Cicer arietinum L. 135 plant Table 1 but, the correlation between days to 50 flowering and seed yield plant was negative and significant Jeena and Arora, 2001 and Kumar et. al., 2001. Pods plant exhibited positive and significant correlation with primary branches plant, seeds pod and harvest index. Similarly, pods plant recorded positive and significant correlated with harvest index in chickpea as also observed by Rao and Kumar 2000, Sidramappa 2008, Yadav et al.2003 and Kumar et.al. 2012. Path coefficient analysis revealed that direct contribution of plant height, days to maturity, pods plant, seeds pod, 100 seed weight and harvest index at phenotypic level was positive towards seed yield per plant indicating them as major yield attributes. The direct bearing of primary branches plant was though negative but it contributed indirectly via pods plant, seeds pod and harvest index towards seed yield plant as also noted by Yadava and Singh 2008 and Vaghela et al., 2009 in chickpea. The residual effect recorded in this study was mainly due to the characters which were not taken under observation or due to environmental factors which were beyond the control of this study. In the present study, plant height, days to maturity, primary branches plant pods plant, seeds pod, 100 seed weight and harvest index appeared as major yield component in the present genetic population of chickpea. Among them, were found to be governed by additive genes hence, top five genotypes were selected on the basis of phenotypic performance of these traits. Among selected genotypes, BG 3012 and AKG 04-11 were common genotypes thus, appeared promising for genetic amelioration of seed yield in chickpea. Both the genotypes were developed by three way crosses having parentage as BG 3012 {BGD 72 x BG 362 SBD 377} and AKG 04-11 {ICC 14 x JG 23 BG 1032}. Characters Plant height cm Days to maturity Primary branch plant Pods Plant Seeds Pod 100 seed weight g Harvest index Seed yield plant g Days to 50 flowering P G 0.246 0.260 0.160 0.195 -0.023 -0.028 0.045 0.049 0.020 0.026 0.319 -0.349 0.015 -0.103 -0.246 -0.272 Plant height cm P G 0.020 -0.16 0.068 0.164 0.229 0.670 0.306 0.380 -0.022 -0.400 0.133 0.010 0.237 0.257 Days to maturity P G -0.034 0.071 0.091 0.014 -0.228 -0.418 0.198 0.240 0.058 0.030 0.034 0.031 Primary branch plant P G 0.291 0.670 0.103 0.380 -0.181 -0.400 0.081 0.131 0.030 0.153 Pods plant P G 0.243 0.897 0.045 0.113 0.386 0.410 0.554 0.578 Seeds pod P G -0.105 -0.183 0.214 0.236 0.245 0.500 100 seed weight g P G 0.057 0.114 0.304 0.361 Harvest index P G 0.804 0.850 Table 1: Phenotypic and genotypic correlations between seed yield plant and yield factors in chickpea Table 2: Direct and indirect effects of yield factors on seed yield plant in chickpea and Significant at 5 and 1 probability, respectively. Bold figures denote the direct effects. Residual effects: P = 0.527, G = 0.459 Characters Days to 50 flowering Plant height cm Days to maturity Primary branch plant Pods plant Seeds pod 100 seed weight g Harvest index Correlation with seed yield Days to 50 flowering P G -0.256 -0.079 0.029 -0.170 0.001 0.104 0.003 0.002 0.024 -0.016 0.002 0.041 -0.060 -0.167 0.011 0.013 -0.246 -0.272 Plant height cm P G -0.063 -0.021 0.157 -0.656 0.001 -0.009 -0.008 -0.013 0.121 -0.096 0.030 0.905 -0.004 -0.010 0.003 0.157 0.237 0.257 Days to maturity P G -0.041 -0.016 0.003 0.010 0.007 0.469 0.004 -0.006 0.008 -0.005 -0.024 -0.669 0.037 0.115 0.040 0.133 0.034 0.031 Primary branch plant P G 0.006 0.002 0.011 -0.108 0.001 0.042 -0.109 -0.080 0.154 -0.220 0.011 0.403 -0.034 -0.092 -0.010 0.206 0.030 0.153 Pods plant P G -0.011 -0.004 0.036 -0.191 0.001 0.008 -0.035 -0.054 0.528 0.329 0.022 0.206 0.009 0.054 0.004 0.230 0.554 0.578 Seeds pod P G -0.005 -0.002 0.048 -0.134 -0.002 -0.251 -0.012 -0.030 0.009 -0.295 0.107 1.601 -0.020 -0.088 0.120 -0.301 0.245 0.500 100 seed weight g P G 0.002 0.028 -0.003 0.013 0.001 0.100 0.022 0.032 0.024 -0.037 -0.011 -0.294 0.189 0.479 0.080 0.040 0.304 0.361 Harvest index P G 0.218 0.266 -0.196 -0.194 -0.113 -0.147 -0.118 -0.105 0.239 0.279 0.240 0.211 0.218 0.227 0.316 0.313 0.804 0.850 136 Journal of Food Legumes 263 4, 2013 It can be concluded from present study that considerable genetic variability was exist in the present material. Seed yield plant, harvest index, and 100 seed weight were governed by additive genetic system. Plant height, days to maturity, primary branches plant pods plant, seeds pod, 100 seed weight and harvest index appeared as main yield factors in chickpea. Selection based on phenotypic performance of yield factors indicates that BG 3012 and AKG 04-11 having diverse genetic base were promising for utilization in breeding programmes for genetic improvement in chickpea. REFERENCES Arora PP and Jeena AS 1999. Association analysis for yield and other quantitative traits in chickpea. Agriculture Science Digest 19: 183– 186. Jeena AS and Arora PP. 2001. Role of variability for improvement in chickpea. Legume Research 24:135-136 Kumar Abhishek, Suresh Babu G and Lavanya G Roopa 2012. Character association and path analysis in early segregating population in chickpea Cicer arietinum L.. Legume Research 35 : 337- 340 Kumar S, Arora PP and Jeena AS. 2001. Correlation analysis in chickpea. Agriculture Science Digest 22:134-135 Rao SK and Kumar KS. 2000. Analysis of yield factors in short duration chickpeas Cicer arietinum L. Agriculture Science Digest 20:65-67. Sidramappa SA, Patil PM and Kajjidoni ST. 2008. Direct and indirect effects of phenological traits on productivity in recombinant inbred lines population of chickpea. Karnataka Journal of Agriculture Science 21:491- 493 Vaghela MD, Poshiya VK, Savaliy JJ, Davada BK and Mungra KD. 2009.Studies on character association and path analysis for seed yield and its components in chickpea. Cicer arietinum L Legume Research 32: 245-249. Yadava HS, Singh OP and Agrawal SC. 2003. Assessment of heritable variation and selection of genotypes for consumer quality traits in chickpea. Indian Journal of Pulses Research 16: 14-16. Yadava HS and Singh RP. 2008. Assessment of traits determined drought and temperature tolerance in chickpea. Journal of Food Legumes 21 : 99-106. Yadav KS, Naik ML and Yadava H S. 2003. Correlation and path analysis in early generation of cowpea. Indian Journal of Pulses Research 16: 101-103. Journal of Food Legumes 263 4: 137-138, 2013 Short Communication Genetic variability and character association for yield and its components in black gram Vigna mungo L. Hepper A. NARASIMHAN, B. R. PATIL and B. M. KHADI Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad-58005, Karnataka, India; E-mail: patilbhuvaneshwaragmail.com Received : February 27, 2012; Accepted : July 22, 2013 ABSTRACT A pooled analysis was carried out in order to estimate the genetic parameters and to study the association in urdbean. Analysis of variance indicated highly significant difference among all the genotypes studied for all the characters. The phenotypic coefficient of variation was higher than the genotypic coefficient of variation among all the characters studied. Higher phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variation were observed for total seed yield, number of pods per plant and number of bunch. Very high heritability estimates were recorded for all the characters recorded viz., plant height, number of branches, number of bunches, number of pods per plant, pod length, number of seeds per pod, test weight and total seed yield. High genetic advance expressed as percentage of mean, were recorded for plant height, number of branches, number of bunches, number of pods per plant and total seed yield. The higher ‘r’ values concomitant to the use of very less number of genotypes attributed the maximum towards the least number of characters being significantly correlated. Hence, selection for genotypes with higher plant height, more number of branches, bunches and number of pods could facilitate augmentation of seed yield in urdbean. Key words: Correlation, Genetic parameters, Selection, Urdbean, Variability. Yield and most of the yield contributing characters are quantitative in nature showing continuous variation with normal distribution. The distribution is specified by the two parameters: mean and variance. They can be effectively employed to estimate genotypic and phenotypic correlations which are of immense help in formulating selection strategies to develop suitable genotypes for different agro climatic regions. The correlation co-efficient gives the measure of relationships between traits and provides the degree to which various characters of a crops are associated with productivity. Selection based on yield components is advantageous, if different yield related traits are well documented. Correlation studies will establish the extent of such associations between yield and yield components giving an idea about the contribution of different characters to seed yield. In the present investigation an attempt was therefore made to study these aspects. This information could facilitate formulation of effective selection strategies for augmentation of seed yield in urdbean. The material comprised of twelve genotypes of urdbean evaluated for two seasons i.e., Rabi 2009 and summer months of 2010 grown in simple RBD with three replications. Seeds were sown with a spacing of 30 cm between the rows and 10 cm between the plants in beds of 4 meters. In order to ensure better germination and uniform crop stand two seeds per hill was sown. All the recommended agronomic practices as per the package of practices were followed. Observations of eight quantitative characters viz., plant height, number of branches, number of bunches, number of pods per plant, pod length, number of seeds per pod, test weight and total seed yield was recorded. Five plants were selected randomly and data on individual mean from each replication was subjected to statistical analysis. The data was analyzed using a simple RBD and SPAR programme. For the analysis of the data the ANOVA was first calculated. The significance of “f” value was tested by comparing the computed value with the table values . The genetic parameters like mean, range, variance, GCV, PCV, heritability and genetic advance over mean were calculated. Association studies was also carried out with an objective to determine the degree of association of the characters with yield components. A highly significant variation in the mean performances of all the genotypes, for eight quantitative characters of urdbean was revealed by the pooled analysis of variation. Total seed yield exhibited the highest variation among all characters studied followed by number of pods per plant. T9 928.81 kg per ha recorded the highest seed yield while DU3 23.87 had the highest number of pods. In all the characters studied the phenotypic coefficient of variation was higher than the genotypic coefficient of variation. In the present study higher phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variation were observed for total seed yield 42.90 and 42.38 respectively, number of pods per plant 26.11 and 25.41 respectively and number of bunch 25.64 and 24.85 respectively. Very high heritability estimates were recorded for all the characters recorded viz., plant height 90, number of branches 93, number of bunches 94, number of pods per plant 95, pod length 46, number of seeds per pod 71, test weight 70 and total seed yield 98. This indicated the preponderance of additive gene action in the expression of all these traits. High genetic advance values were recorded for plant height 34.37, number of branches 138 Journal of Food Legumes 263 4, 2013 38.83, number of bunches 49.58, number of pods per plant 50.94 and total seed yield 86.29. High genetic advance coupled with high heritability indicated the preponderance of additive gene action. The moderate genetic advance observed for number of seeds per pod 14.31. High heritability with moderate genetic advance observed for this character which implied the action of both additive and non additive genetic components in the expression of this character. Low genetic advance values were observed for test weight 9.02 and pod length 7.03 which was a consequence of high influence of environment variance indicated the action of non additive gene action. Hence selection based on the above characters is less effective. The present investigation revealed that the genotypic correlation coefficients, in general, were higher than the phenotypic correlation coefficients indicating masking of modifying effects of environment and also the presence of strong association between the two corresponding characters which also indicated that the selection for the characters might be rewarding. The higher ‘r’ values concomitant to the use of very less number of genotypes attributed the maximum towards the least number of characters being significantly correlated. In the present investigation majority of the characters like pod length, number of seeds per pod, hundred seed weight and total seed yield exhibited a non-significant association with all the characters. Among the urdbean genotypes, the variety DU2 performed well for two characters viz., number of bunches and hundred seed weight and it was found resistant to Cercospora leaf spot, but it showed a highly susceptible reaction to MYMV and powdery mildew. Although variety DU3 performed well for two important characters viz., number of branches and number of pods per plant, it was found susceptible to all the three diseases and it yielded the least, rendering it unsuitable for further utilization in breeding programs. Despite having the least plant height, number of branches, number of pods per plant, pod length and being susceptible to MYMV, the green seeded variety Barabanki local produced an above average yield and was found moderately resistant to powdery mildew and Cercospora leaf spot. Thus, based on the breeder’s requirement, this genotype can be used in the further breeding programs. REFERENCES Fisher RA and Yates F. 1963. Statistical tables for Biological, Agricultural and Medical Research. Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh. Johnson. HW, Robinson HF and Comstock RE. 1955. Estimation of genetic and environmental variability in soybean. Agronomy Journal 47 : 477-483. Konda CR, Salimath PM and Mishra MN. 2009. Genetic Variability Studies for Productivity and Its Components in Blackgram [Vigna munga

L. Hepper]. Legume Research 321: 59-61.

Krishnan Gopi, Reddy A, Shekar M, Raja Reddy K and Subramania Reddy K. 2002. Chapter association and path analysis in Urdbean [Vigna munga L. Hepper]. Madras Agricultural Journal 89 4-6: 315-318. Srividhya A, Sekhar M and Reddy GLK. 2005. Correlation and path analysis in F 2 generation of urdbean {Vigna mungo L. Hepper}. Legume Research 284. Venkatesan M, Veeramani N, Anbuselvam Y and Ganesan J. 2004. Correlation and path analysis in blackgram Vigna mungo L.. Legume Research 273:197-200. Table 1: The genotypic and phenotypic correlation among eight quantitative characters studied in urdbean Vigna mungo. in rabi and summer 2009-2010 Significant at 0.01 level; Significant at 0.05 level, X 1 = Plant height cm X 2 = Number of branches X 3 = Number of bunches X 4 =Pods per plant X 5 =Pod length cm X 6 =No of seeds per pod X 7 =100 seed weight g X 8 = Total seed yield kg per ha r p r g 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 1

0.18 0.48

0.54 0.31

0.25 0.39

-0.12 2 0.17 1

0.62 0.39

0.26 -0.23

0.3 0.01

3 0.65 0.45 1

0.70 0.13

-0.27 0.52

0.19 4

0.71 0.84 0.57 1

0.31 -0.17

0.48 -0.10

5 0.24 0.43 0.17 0.38 1

0.12 0.11

0.07 6

0.14 -0.02 -0.23 -0.34 0.22 1 -0.08 -0.16 7 0.61 0.61 0.35 0.47 0.4 -0.3 1 -0.30 8 -0.2 0.08 -0.36 -0.1 0.01 -0.13 0.21 1 Journal of Food Legumes 263 4: 139-140, 2013 Short Communication Studies on genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance in chickpea Cicer arietinum L SHWETA, A.K.YADAV and R.K. YADAV C.S. Azad University of Agriculture and Technology, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India; E-mail : dr_akyadavrediffmail.com Received : August 10, 2013 ; Accepted : December 04, 2013 ABSTRACT Thirty genotypes of chickpea were evaluated to study the magnitude of genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance in yield and yield contributing characters. A high degree of significant variation was observed for all the characters studied except seeds per pod. The phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variation were found maximum for seed yield per plant followed by pods per plant and seeds per pod whereas minimum for days to maturity. High heritability estimates with high genetic advance as percent of mean were observed for secondary branches per plant, seed yield per plant, 100-seed weight, pods per plant and plant height that could be improved by simple selection. Key words: Chickpea, Genetic advance , Heritability, Variability Chickpea Cicer arietinum L. is a major food legume cultivated mainly in Algeria, Ethiopia, Iran, India, Mexico, Morocco, Myanmar, Pakistan, Spain, Syria, Tanzania, Tunisia and Turkey. It is fourth most important grain legume crop in the world with a total production of 11.62 million tones Mt from an area of about 13.20 million hectare Mha .About 8.49 Mt of chickpea was produced from 8.94 Mha areas during 2012-13 with 949 kg ha -1 an average yield in India. The information on nature of total phenotypic variability together with the magnitude of heritability for any given quantitative character under improvement is of utmost importance to the breeder to proceed towards fruitful hybridization programme. Yield improvement would be facilitated only when genetic diversity exists in the material chosen for an improvement. The genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variation are useful in detecting the amount of variability present in the set of available genotypes. Heritability and genetic advance help in determining the influence of environment in the expression of the characters and the extent to which improvement is possible after selection. Hence, the study was conducted to quantify the variability in chickpea genotypes for yield and its related characters. The experimental material consisted of 30 diverse genotypes of chickpea which were laid out in Randomized Block Design RBD with 3 replications at the Regional Research Station, Saini, Kaushambi of C.S. Azad University of Agriculture and Technology, Kanpur during rabi 2008-09 and 2009-10. Each plot comprised of four rows of 4 m length spaced 30 cm apart with plant to plant spacing of 10 cm. Data on the basis of five randomly taken competitive plants were recorded on nine quantitative characters viz., days to 50 flowering, days to maturity, plant height cm, pods per plant, seeds per pod, primary branches per plant, secondary branches per plant, 100-seed weight g and seed yield per plant g. Analysis of variance was done based on RBD for each of the characters separately. The phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variation and heritability in broad sense was estimated. Analysis of variance ANOVA revealed highly significant differences among the genotypes for all the characters under study except seeds per pod suggesting presence of substantial amount of variability for all the characters in 30 genotypes . A considerable amount of variation was observed in most of the characters. The range of mean values was observed for days to maturity 116.00 to 144.00, day to 50 flowering 77.00 to 93.00, plant height 29.67 to 63.00, pods per plant 20.33 to 100.01, seed yield per plant 5.41 to 32.62, 100 seed weight 14.50 to 25.90, secondary branches per plant 8.67 to 20.00, primary branches per plant 3.00 to 5.67 and seeds per pod 1.00 to 2.33. The characters showing wide range of variation provide an ample scope for selecting the desirable genotypes. Genetic variability for many of these characters had also been reported earlier by Jeena et al. 2005, Khan et al. 2006 and Durga et al. 2007. In the study, estimates of phenotypic coefficients of variation PCV were comparable with respective genotypic coefficients of variation GCV for all the characters. However, the estimates of PCV were, in general, higher than the corresponding estimates of GCV for all the characters . This may result due to the involvement of environment and genotype x environment effect in the expression of characters. The respective phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variation were found maximum for seed yield per plant 45.98 and 45.18 followed by pods per plant 42.60 and 42.07 and seeds per pod 35.96 and 21.31 whereas minimum being for days to maturity 4.53 and 4.45. Other characters have low to moderate estimates of PCV and GCV. These observations were in conformity with the findings of some earlier workers like Pratap et al. 2004, Jeena et al. 2005 and Tomar et al. 2009. 140 Journal of Food Legumes 263 4, 2013 Mean Range

S. No. Characters

Min. Max. PCV GCV Heritability Genetic advance Genetic advance of mean 1. Days to 50 flowering 82.65 77.00 93.00 4.82 4.28 78.9 6.48 7.84 2. Days to maturity 137.41 116.00 144.00 4.53 4.45 96.6 12.39 9.01 3. Plant height cm 51.51 29.67 63.00 15.04 14.30 90.5 14.44 28.03 4. Pods per plant 47.31 20.33 100.01 42.60 42.07 97.5 14.49 30.62 5. Seeds per pod 1.46 1.00 2.33 35.96 21.31 35.1 0.38 26.02 6. Primary branches per plant 4.13 3.00 5.67 24.76 16.82 46.1 0.97 23.48 7. Secondary branches per plant 12.67 8.67 20.00 29.06 26.05 80.4 6.10 48.14 8. 100 seed weight g 18.70 14.50 25.90 18.19 17.23 89.8 6.29 36.63 9. Seed yield per plant g 19.86 5.41 32.62 45.98 45.18 96.6 8.58 43.20 These findings suggest that selection can be effective based on phenotypic along with equal probability of genotypic values. With the help of GCV alone, it is not possible to determine the extent of variation that is heritable. Hence, the knowledge of heritability helps the plant breeders in prediction. The genetic advance for quantitative characters aids in exercising necessary selection procedure. The high heritability in broad sense was recorded for all the characters except seeds per pod 35.1 and primary branches per plant 46.1. These observations are in conformity with the finding of Pratap et al. 2004, Jeena et al. 2005, Sharma et al. 2005 and Tomar et al. 2009. The high heritability denotes high proportion of genetic effects in the determination of these traits and can be adopted for improving grain yield in chickpea. Genetic advance as per cent of mean was maximum for secondary branches per plant 48.14 followed by seed yield per plant 43.20, 100 seed weight 33.63, pods per plant 30.62, plant height 28.03, seeds per pod 26.02 and primary branches per plant 23.40 whereas it was minimum for days to maturity 9.01 and days to 50 flowering 7.84. In the present investigation, high heritability estimates coupled with high genetic advance observed for pods per plant, plant height, days to maturity and seed yield per plant might be due to large additive gene effects, which revealed that the selection criteria based on these traits would improve the seed yield. The results are confirming the findings of Pratap et al. 2004, Burli et al. 2004, Jeena et al. 2005, Tadele et al. 2005 and Tomar et al. 2009. On the basis of heritability and expected genetic advance as percent of mean for different characters studied in the present investigation, selection criteria based on secondary branches per plant, seed yield per plant, 100 seed weight, pods per plant and plant height may be useful for further development of high yielding genotypes. REFERENCES Burli AV, More SM, Gare BN and Dodake SS. 2004. Studies on genetic variability and heritability in chickpea under residual soil moisture condition. Journal of Maharashtra Agricultural Universities 29 3 : 353-354. Durga KK, Murty SSN, Rao YK and Reddy MV. 2007. Genetic studies on yield and yield components of chickpea. Agricultural Science Digest 273 : 2001-03. Jeena AS, Arora PP and Utpreti MC. 2005. Divergence analysis in chickpea. Agricultural Science Digest 222 : 132-3. Khan H, Ahmed SQ, Ahamad F, Khan MS and Iqbal N. 2006. Genetic variability and correlation among quantitative traits in gram. Sarhad Journal of Agriculture 221 : 55.-9. Pratap A, Basandra D and Sood BC. 2004. Variability and heritability studies in early maturity chickpea genotypes. Indian Journal of Pulses Research 172 : 177-8. Sharma LK, Saini DP, Kaushik SK and Vaid B. 2005. Genetic variability and correlation studies in chickpea Cicer arietinum L.. Journal of Arid Legumes 22: 415-6. Tadele A, Haddad NI, Malhotra R and Samarah N. 2005. Induced polygenic variability in Kabuli chickpea Cicer arietinum L. lines. Crop Research, Hisar 291: 118-28. Tomar OK, Singh Dhirendra and Singh D. 2009. Genetic analysis in chickpea Cicer arietinum L.. Indian Journal of Agricultural Science 79 12 : 1041-5. Table 1: Estimates of mean, range, variance components and genetic parameters for different characters Journal of Food Legumes 263 4: 141-144, 2013 Short Communication Effect of zinc, molybdenum and Rhizobium on yield and nutrient uptake in summer urdbean Vigna mungo L. KHALIL KHAN and VED PRAKASH N.D. University of Agriculture and Technology, Narendranagar, Kumarganj, Faizabad, India; khankhalil64gmail.com Received : August 26, 2013 ; Accepted : December 1, 2013 ABSTRACT A field experiment was conducted for two consecutive Zaid seasons during 2011 and 2012 at Student Instructional Farm of N.D. University of Agriculture and Technology, Narendra Nagar Kumarganj, Faizabad to study the effect of zinc, molybdenum and Rhizobium on yield and nutrients dynamics of summer urdbean Vigna mungo L.. Application of 5.0 kg Znha, 0.5 kg Moha and inoculation of seeds with Rhizobium significantly increased seed and stover yield during both the years. Besides build up of available N, Zn and Mo in soil after harvested of the crop, nitrogen uptake sign ificantly increased following application of 5.0 kg zinc, 0.5 kg Moha and Rhizobium inocula tion . Zinc a nd molyb denu m up take were also significantly increased by the supply of 2.5 kg zinc and 0.5 kg Moha. Key words : Molybdenum application, Nutrient uptake, Seed inoculation, Seed yield, Zn application. Pulses are an essential item in the daily diet of people in India. A large section of the people in the country is vegetarian requiring a good supplement of protein in their diet. Pulses are richest source of protein among the vegetarian food. Among the micronutrients, zinc plays a vital role in the synthesis of protein and nucleic acid and helps in the utilization of nitrogen and phosphorus in the plant. It promotes nodulation and nitrogen fixation in leguminous crops Dorosinsky and Rao 1975 and also plays an important role in starch formation. Usually the pulse seeds are inoculated with Rhizobium for symbiotic N fixation and the role of Zn and Mo in biological N fixation BNF is known. However, location specific fertilizer dose for Zn and Mo needs to be quantified to ascertain their role in yield formation and BNF. Therefore, the present investigation was carried out to study the effect of zinc, molybdenum and Rhizobium inoculation on yield and nutrient uptake in urdbean Vigna mungo L. during summer season. A field experiment was carried out at Student Instructional Farm of N.D. University of Agriculture and Technology, Narendranagar Kumarganj, Faizabad U.P. during two consecutive summer season of 2011 and 2012. Treatment combinations 24 comprised of four levels of zinc 0, 2.5, 5.0 and 7.5 kgha , three levels of molybdenum 0, 0.5 and 1.0 kgha and two levels of Rhizobium with and without inoculation of seeds were laid out a factorial randomized complete block design with three replications. Silty loam soil of the experimental field was slightly alkaline in reaction pH 8.21, low to medium fertility 0.58 soil organic carbon, 291.0 kgha available N, 12.85 kgha available P and 217.00 kgha K with good drainage. Soil available micronutrients viz., zinc 0.57 ppm and molybdenum 0.28 ppm were in the range of low and adequate respectively. Periodical and quantitative observations related to seed yield and yield components and nutrient content were taken following application of zinc, molybdenum and Rhizobium inoculation on urdbean crop. Total and available N were analyzed by the standard procedures Subbiah and Asija 1956 and Jackson 1973. The data collected during both the years were subjected to statistical analysis to draw valid conclusions. There was a significant influence of zinc, molybdenum and Rhizobium inoculation on grain and stover yield and protein content in urdbean seed during both the years Table 1. Application of 5.0 kg zinc and 0.5 kg molybdenumha significantly increased both seed and stover yield of urdbean during both the years. It is due to essentiality of these two nutrients in plant growth. Similar findings were also reported elsewhere Singh and Yadav1997, Jat and rathore 1994. As a result of inoculation with Rhizobium for promotion of both plant growth and grain yield, the said inoculation produced significantly higher seed and stover yield as evident during both the years. Protein content in seed also increased with the increasing doses of zinc and molybdenum and Rhizobium inoculation Krishna 1995, Raju and Verma 1984. Nitrogen uptake significantly increased with application of 5.0 kg zinc and 0.5 kg molybdenumha and Rhizobium inoculation Table 2. Significantly increased in nitrogen uptake due to zinc and molybdenum was due to increased seed yield as a result of zinc and molybdenum application. Similarly Rhizobium inoculation also significantly increased nitrogen uptake in both seed and stover. Rhizobium inoculation promoted crop growth and its yield by increasing N content in biomass; and as a result its total uptake by crop was also increased. This is in agreement with the finding of Sharma and Minhas 1982 and Singh and Bhadauriya 1984. Besides N uptake, application of 2.5 kg zinc and 0.5 kg molybdenumha significantly increased zinc and molybdenum uptake in both urdbean seed and stover. Rhizoium inoculation also significantly increased both zinc and molybdenum uptake. 142 Journal of Food Legumes 263 4, 2013 Table 1: Effect of Zinc, Molybdenum and Rhizobium on seed and stover yield kgha and protein content in urdbean Seed yield kgha Stover yield kgha Protein content Treatments 2011 2012 2011 2012 2011 2012 Zinc levels kgha 0.0 1050 1067 1906 1993 21.5 21.8 2.5 1106 1120 2000 2099 21.6 21.9 5.0 1151 1169 2089 2184 21.9 22.3 7.5 1162 1180 2109 2205 22.1 22.4 SEm+ 19 21 36 32 - - CD P=0.05 43 48 82 83 - - Molybdenum levels kgha 0.0 1061 1078 1927 2014 21.6 22.1 0.5 1123 1141 2038 2137 21.7 22.1 1.0 1167 1186 2119 2215 21.8 22.2 SEm+ 17 18 31 28 - - CD P=0.05 43 48 80 83 - - Rhizobium levels Uninoculated 1063 1081 1931 2018 21.6 22.1 Inoculated 1171 1189 2125 2222 22.0 22.6 SEm+ 14 15 25 23 - - CD P=0.05 39 42 72 65 - - Table 2: Effect of Zinc, Molybdenum and Rhizobium on nitrogen uptake kgha in urdbean Seed Stover Total Treatments 2011 2012 2011 2012 2011 2012 Zinc levels kgha 0.0 36.1 37.2 29.5 30.9 65.7 68.1 2.5 38.4 39.6 31.6 32.7 70.0 72.9 5.0 40.7 41.9 33.8 34.7 74.5 76.7 7.5 41.0 42.2 33.5 35.3 74.6 77.5 SEm+ 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.5 1.0 1.0 CD P=0.05 2.2 2.3 1.7 1.5 2.7 2.8 Molybdenum levels kgha 0.0 36.7 38.1 29.7 31.4 66.4 69.5 0.5 39.0 40.4 32.0 33.8 71.0 74.2 1.0 40.6 42.1 33.5 35.2 74.1 77.3 SEm+ 0.7 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.8 0.9 CD P=0.05 1.9 2.0 1.5 1.3 2.4 2.4 Rhizobium levels Uninoculated 36.8 38.2 30.1 31.1 66.9 69.2 Inoculated 41.2 42.8 33.4 36.0 74.6 78.8 SEm+ 0.5 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.7 0.7 CD P=0.05 1.5 1.6 1.2 1.1 1.9 2.0 Table 3: Effect of Zinc, Molybdenum and Rhizobium on zinc uptake gha in urdbean Seeds Stover Total Treatments 2011 2012 2011 2012 2011 2012 Zinc levels kgha 0.0 352 362 144 152 496 514 2.5 372 382 152 160 523 542 5.0 387 398 158 167 545 564 7.5 392 402 160 169 551 571 SEm+ 6.5 6.8 2.7 2.5 6.9 8.1 CD P=0.05 18.6 19.3 7.7 7.2 19.8 23.3 Molybdenum levels kgha 0.0 356 365 145 153 501 518 0.5 378 388 154 163 532 551 1.0 394 405 161 170 554 574 SEm+ 5.6 6.4 2.3 2.5 7.0 7.7 CD P=0.05 16.1 18.4 6.6 7.2 22.5 23.9 Rhizobium levels Uninoculated 358 367 146 154 504 521 Inoculated 394 405 161 170 555 574 SEm+ 4.6 5.3 1.9 1.8 4.9 5.8 CD P=0.05 13.1 15.0 5.4 5.1 14.0 16.5 Khan Prakash : Effect of zinc, molybdenum and Rhizobium on yield and nutrient uptake in summer urdbean 143 Table 4: Effect of Zinc, Molybdenum and Rhizobium on Mo uptake gha in urdbean Table 5: Effect of Zinc, Molybdenum and Rhizobium on available nitrogen, zinc and molybdenum kgha in soil at after harvest in urdbean Seed Stover Total Treatments 2011 2012 2011 2012 2011 2012 Zinc levels kgha 0.0 128 132 77.8 82.1 206 214 2.5 136 139 82.2 86.8 218 226 5.0 142 145 85.7 90.5 227 236 7.5 144 147 86.9 91.7 230 239 SEm+ 2.5 2.5

1.5 1.4

2.9 3.1 CD P=0.05 7.1 7.2 4.2 3.9 8.3 8.9 Molybdenum levels kgha 0.0 130 133 79 83 208 216 0.5 138 142 84 88 222 230 1.0 144 148 87 92 231 240 SEm+ 2.2 2.2 1.3 1.3 3.5 3.7 CD P=0.05 6.2 6.3 3.6 3.9 9.8 10.3 Rhizobium levels Uninoculated 130 134 79 83 209 217 Inoculated 144 148 87 92 232 240 SEm+ 1.8 1.8 1.0 1.0 2.1 2.2 CD P=0.05 5.0 5.1 3.0 2.7 5.9 6.3 Available N Available Zn Available Mo Treatments 2011 2012 2011 2012 2011 2012 Zinc levels kgha 0.0 294 299 0.595 0.605 0.289 0.291 2.5 296 300 0.601 0.610 0.292 0.293 5.0 299 303 0.607 0.616 0.295 0.296 7.5 301 305 0.613 0.621 0.299 0.297 SEm+ 2.1 2.1 0.003 0.003 0.002 0.002 CD P=0.05 6.0 6.1 0.008 0.008 NS NS Molybdenum levels kgha 0.0 296 301 0.602 0.611 0.291 0.290 0.5 297 302 0.604 0.613 0.293 0.295 1.0 299 303 0.606 0.616 0.321 0.324 SEm+ 1.8 1.8 0.002 0.002 0.001 0.001 CD P=0.05 NS NS NS NS 0.003 0.003 Rhizobium levels Uninoculated 297 301 0.602 0.611 0.293 0.293 Inoculated 298 303 0.606 0.615 0.299 0.295 SEm+ 1.5 1.5 0.002 0.002 0.001 0.001 CD P=0.05 NS NS NS NS NS NS Besides nutrient content and uptake, application of graded doses of zinc did positively influence available N, Zn, Mo in the soil after harvest of urdbean. However, significant increase in available nitrogen in soil was observed only at 7.5 kg of zincha compared to control no zinc. Similarly, application of graded doses of zinc up to 7.5 kgha significantly increased available zinc in the soil. Effect of zinc on soil available Mo was similar following varying dose of Mo application. Contrarily, application of 1.0 kg molybdenumha also significantly increased available Mo in the soil although soil build up of N and Zn was not evident. Rhizobium inoculation also positively influenced soil available N, Zn and Mo although these were not up to the level of significance. From the foregoing, it was concluded that in summer urdbean, Rhizobium inoculation along with application of 5.0 kg Zn and 0.5 kg Mo could be recommended for realization of higher seed yield and enhancing soil fertility. REFERENCES Dorosinsky LM and Kady Rao AA. 1975. Effect of inoculation on nitrogen fixation by chickpea, its crop growth and content of protein. Microbiology All unic. s.w. res. Instt. Agric. Microbial Henningrad U.S.S.R. 44: 1103-1106. Jackson ML.1973. Soil Chemical Analysis. Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi. 144 Journal of Food Legumes 263 4, 2013 Jat RL and Rathore PS. 1994. Effect of S, Mo and Rhizobium inoculation on green gram Phaseolus radiatus. Indian Journal of Agronomy 39 : 651-654. Krishna 1995. Effect of sulphur and zinc application on yield, S and Zn uptake and protein content of mung. Legume Research 8: 89-92. Raju MS and Verma SC 1984. Response of green gram Vigna radiata to Rhizobial inoculation in relation to fertilizers nitrogen. Legume Research 7 : 73-76. Sharma EM and Minhas RS. 1982. Effect of molybdenum application on the yield and uptake by soybean grain in an alfisol. Journal of Indian Society of Soil Science 34: 314-17. Singh U and Yadav DS. 1997. Study on sulphur and zinc nutrition of green gram Phaseolus radiatus L in relation to growth attributes, seed protein, yield and S and Zn uptake. Legume Research 20: 224- 226. Singh B and Badhoria BS. 1984. Response of green gram to potassium and zinc application. Journal of Agriculture Science U.K. 102:253. Subbiah BV and Asija GL. 1956. A rapid procedure for the determination of available nitrogen in soils. Current Science 25:259–260. Journal of Food Legumes 263 4: 145-146, 2013 Short Communication Effect of seed dressers against root rot of cowpea D. B. PATEL, S. M. CHAUDHARI, R.G. PARMAR and Y. RAVINDRABABU Centre of Excellence for Research on Pulses, S. D. Agricultural University, Sardarkrushinagar 385 506, Gujarat, India; E-mail: dbpatel1963yahoo.com Received: December 12, 2012 ; Accepted : November 20, 2013 ABSTRACT Studies were conducted to manage the root rot disease of cowpea through seed treatment with different seed dressers during kharif 2009-10, 2010-11 and 2011-12. The minimum root rot disease incidence was recorded in the seed treatment with Cosco 3gmkg 11.3 followed by Thiram 2gmkg 12.9 and Captan 2gmkg 13.4 . The yield data revealed that the highest grain yield was recorded in seed treatment with Cosco 3gmkg 718 kgha followed by Vitavax 2gmkg 700 kg ha, Thiram 2gmkg 698 kgha and Captan 2gmkg 675 kgha. Key words: Rhizoctonia solani, Disease management Cowpea Vigna unguiculata is one of the most important leguminous crops throughout the world, among various diseases, root rot caused by Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn inflict substantial yield losses. It is a soil borne disease and management of such soil borne pathogens with fungicides cause hazards to the human health and environment. In this context, soil amendment and seed treatments are gaining importance for managing such plant pathogens as another viable alternative to fungicides. Hence, the study was conducted to ascertain efficacy of different fungicides, bio- agent and cow dung against the disease. The field experiments were conducted at Pulses Research Station, S.D. Agricultural University, Sardarkrushinagar during the cropping season 2009-10, 2010- 11 and 2011-12. A most popular cowpea cultivar “GC 4” was sown by drilling method keeping seed rate 15 kgha with spacing 45 × 10 cm. Pre-sowing seed treatment was done with carbendazim 50 WP 3 gkg seeds, mancozeb 75 2gmkg seeds, combination of carbendazim and mancozeb 3gmkg, thiram 75 WP 2 gmkg, cosco 75 WP 3gm kg, Trichoderma harzianum 4gmkg and cow dung farmyard manure 20 gmkg along with untreated control. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design RBD with three replications The data collected were recorded for disease incidence and yield and were subjected to statistical analysis following ‘Analysis of variance’ techniques Panse and Sukhatme1967. The data recorded on root rot disease incidence and yield. Data analysis revealed that all the treatments resulted significantly less incidence of root rot over untreated control 25.7 during all the cropping seasons and as pooled. Seed treatment with cosco 3gmkg resulted in the least mean disease incidence 11.3 followed by thiram 2gmkg 12.9 and captan 2gmkg 13.4. Seed treatment with vitavax 2 gmkg seed 962 kgha resulted in the highest grain yield during 2009 whereas, during the year 2010 and 2011 the highest yield was recorded in seed treatment with cosco 3gmkg 632 and 637 kgha, respectively. In pooled results, the maximum grain yield was observed in seed treatment with cosco 718 kgha followed by vitavax 700 kgha, thiram 698 kgha and captan 675 kgha. The present results are supported by the earlier studies Monga and Grover, 1991. Root rot incidence Grain yield kgha Sr. No Treatment 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 Pooled 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 Pooled 1 Carbendazim 3gmkg 16.6 17.4 16.4 16.8 890 537 539 655 2 Mancozeb 2gmkg 20.9 20.3 18.8 20.0 707 497 497 567 3 Sixer 3gmkg 12.1 14.7 15.0 13.9 914 591 592 699 4 Thiram 2gmkg 11.3 13.9 13.4 12.9 852 620 622 698 5 Captan 2kgmg 11.6 14.3 14.3 13.4 822 601 603 675 6 Cosco 3gmkg 9.7 12.6 11.6 11.3 884 632 637 718 7 Vitavax 2gmkg 17.1 16.2 15.8 16.4 962 570 569 700 8 T. harzianum 4gmkg 17.9 18.6 17.5 18.0 784 511 517 604 9 Cow dung 20kgkg 22.9 21.8 20.7 21.8 706 438 474 551 10 Untreated Control 25.7 26.4 25.1 25.7 677 407 399 494 S. Em. + 1.1 0.9 0.6 0.5 61.6 34.7 34.1 24.8 C.D. at 5 3.2 2.7 1.7 1.5 183.0 103.1 101.4 69.9 C.V. 11.4 9.0 5.8 9.0 13.0 11.1 10.8 12.3 Table 1 Effect of seed dressers for the control of root rot of cowpea 146 Journal of Food Legumes 263 4, 2013 The computed economics of different treatments Table 2 revealed that the highest net return Rs. 8385 was obtained in seed treatment with cosco followed by thiram Rs. 7776, vitavax Rs. 7646 and sixer carbendazim + mancozeb Rs. 7430. The highest Incremental Cost Benefit Ratio ICBR was obtained in the seed treatment of T. harzianum ICBR 1: 3.56 followed by thiram ICBR 1: 3.24 and cosco ICBR 1: 3.02. This is also indicative that bio-agent might be accelerating the crop growth along with management of soil borne pathogens. Table 2 Economics of different treatments Treatment No Yield Kgha Yield increased after control kgha Gross extra income Rs. Cost of treatment Net return ICBR 1 655.32 160.98 8049.00 2780.00 5269.00 1: 1.89 2 567.21 72.87 3644.00 2400.00 1244.00 1: 0.52 3 698.54 204.20 10210.00 2780.00 7430.00 1: 2.67 4 697.86 203.52 10176.00 2400.00 7776.00 1: 3.24 5 675.21 180.87 9044.00 2590.00 6454.00 1: 2.49 6 717.63 223.29 11165.00 2780.00 8385.00 1: 3.02 7 700.26 205.92 10296.00 2650.00 7646.00 1: 2.89 8 603.83 109.49 5475.00 1200.00 4275.00 1: 3.56 9 551.39 57.05 2853.00 2040.00 813.00 1: 0.40 10 494.34 -- -- -- -- -- Cowpea Price Rs. 50 kg Captan Rs. 425 kg Carbendazim Rs. 580 kg Cosco Rs. 580 kg Mancozeb Rs.300 kg Vitavax Rs. 540 kg Sixer Rs.580 kg T. harzianum Rs.150 kg Thiram Rs.300 kg REFERENCES Panse, V.G. and Sukhatme, P.V. 1967. Statistical methods for agricultural workers. 2nd ed., IARI Publ. New Delhi pp.146-153. Monga D. and Grover R. K. 1991.Chemical control of root rot of cowpea in relation to altered pathogenicity of Fusarium solani. Indian Phytopathology 44:191. Journal of Food Legumes 263 4: 147-150, 2013 Short Communication Development of tempeh a value added product from soyabeans and other underutilised cerealsmillets using Rhizophus Oryzae PGJ-1 G. GAYATHRY1, K. JOTHILAKSHMI, G. SINDUMATHI and S. PARVATHI Home Science College and Research Institute, TNAU, Madurai, TamilNadu, India; 1 Department of Agricultural Microbiology, TamilNadu Agricultural University TNAU, Coimbatore - 641 003, TamilNadu, India. E-mail: gayasaroyahoo.co.in Received : September 18, 2012 ; Accepted : November 01, 2013 ABSTRACT The present investigation was carried out to develop soyabean incorporated cereal millet tempeh. Rhizophus oryzae was isolated from finger millet porridge and was used as inoculum for developing tempeh. Soyabean alone control and soyabeans with other cereals and millets at different incorporation levels were used to develop tempeh. Among different incorporation levels, 1:1 blending of the grains was highly accepted with an organoleptic score of about 98 per cent for the control soyabean alone and 97 per cent for maize + soyabean respectively. The biochemical properties of tempeh from various treatments has revealed that the protein content of the control was found to be significantly higher of 48.00g100g followed by maize + soyabean tempeh of about 3 8.0g 100 g. The h ighest concentration of calcium, phosphorous, iron, vitamins namely thiamine and riboflavin was found in maize + soyabean tempeh. The study has very well proved that fermentation of soyabeans, cereals and millets by R. oryzae PGJ-1 yielded a well developed tempeh with enhanced nutritional value compared to the traditional starters. This highly nutritious protein food can be popularised among rural folks and the processing technology can be adopted by small and medium scale legume based food industries. Key words: cereals, fermentation, millets, Rhizophus oryzae PGJ-1, soyabeans, Tempeh Tempeh is a mold fermented compact cake like soyabean product. It was originated in Indonesia and it is the traditional cuisine of Indonesians for more than 2000 years. It is produced with different strains of Rhizopus spp. such as Rhizopus oligosporus, R.oryzae, R. stolonifer and R. arrhizus on soyabeans Steinkraus et al. 1983. The mycelium of this mold knit the cotyledons into a compact cake that can be sliced, cut into cubes and is consumed by people after cooking or toasting. Rodriguez et al. 2004 has reported that Solid state fermentation SSF process represents a technological alternative for a great variety of legumes and cereals, or combination of them, to improve their nutritional quality and to obtain edible products with palatable sensorial characteristics. During fermentation of cooked solid substrates grains enzymes like proteases, lipases, carbohydrases and phytases are produced and because of the enzymatic degradation of macromolecules into lower molecular weight compounds, the cell walls and intracellular material are partly solubilised contributing to a desirable texture, flavour and aroma of the product. In addition a decrease of anti-nutritional factors ANF is associated with the action of the molds and their enzymes Blakeman et al. 1988. The other substrates that can be used are common bean, chick pea, rapeseed, lupin, horsebean, groundnut, wheat, corn and soymilk residues Feng et al. 2005; Johnson et al., 2006. Tempeh is extremely rich in fiber, vitamins and possess a nutty taste with nougat like texture that odours like a fresh mushroom. It can be popularised among the rural folks easily and go on par with the consumption pattern of edible mushroom. Further the processing of the substrate used during fermentation requires a simpler and easier methodology which can produce profound biochemical changes of the substrate. Moreover, it is best suited for small and medium scale processing of locally available cereals and legumes into a wholesome product of high nutritional value in developing countries. The rationale of the present research was to exploit fermentation in the processing of underutilized substrates and utilization of these grains in value-addition. Owing to the importance of the protein richness and nutritive value of millets cereals and soyabean tempeh, an experiment was conducted to investigate the suitability of locally available underutilized milletscereals and soyabean incorporations in the production of tempeh-like product using pure cultures of Rhizophus oryzae . Screening of suitable mold for tempeh fermentation Naturally fermented finger millet porridge samples were collected from the local villages of Madurai district, Tamilnadu, India. From this several mold were isolated using Potato Dextrose Agar PDA medium by dilution-plate method. After incubation, Rhizophus strains were selected, isolated and cultured separately in Petri plates at room temperature for 3 to 4 days. The isolates were further purified by fungal hyphal tip method and maintained in PDA slants at 4 o C. All the isolates were used to prepare tempeh using soyabean respectively according to the laboratory method described by Yeoh and 148 Journal of Food Legumes 263 4, 2013 Merican 1977. Fresh tempeh fermented by each strain was evaluated for its acceptability using its criteria such as colour - white, surface-covered entirely by mold mycelium, physical characteristics namely compactness, texture, elastic and rubbery for white beans, softer for bean fraction, flavor specific to soyabean tempeh with no residual or beany flavour Sutardi and Buckle 1985. Preliminary studies such as colony characteristics, morphology of the mold was carried out. The best strain was identified, screened and selected for developing tempeh using different grains at various incorporation levels. 1.0 per cent of this inoculum was used for fermenting the different treatment combinations for developing tempeh. Preparation of substrates and production of tempeh Soyabean Glycine max, Sorghum Sorghum vulgare, Maize Zea mays, Italian millet Setaria italica, Little millet Panicum miliare and Kodo millet Paspalum scrobiculatum were obtained from local grocery market in Madurai, Tamilnadu and used for the study. The different incorporation levels and treatments of grains are presented in Table 1. The raw materials were sorted, sieved, cleaned of moldy, discoloured grain and other extraneous matter. Tempeh was produced by following the traditional Indonesian technology. The cleaned grains were dehulled using dehuller. They were washed thrice and soaked separately in excess of water for 12 to 16 h. Then the water was drained and washed thoroughly with water. Soyabean was cooked in a closed pan for one h and for other millets cooking was done for 30 min to soften. After cooking the excess water was drained off and cooled by spreading them on a clean cloth for 15 min or until the moisture content is retained to 65 per cent. Then it was mixed with 1.0 per cent Rhizopus oryzae rice flour based spore inoculum with 10 6 Colony Forming Units per gram of the inoculum base CFU g. Traditional tempeh inoculum obtained from the local market of Malaysia was used for comparing the quality attributes of the isolated inoculum in the development of tempeh. It was then packed asceptically in polypropylene bags with holes of 1 mm size and 2 cm apart and made into a compact packing. Then it was sealed, flattened and kept on a wire mesh tray and fermented at 38ÚC for 36 h. The fresh tempeh was cut into small pieces, steamed for 10 min and blanched in 2 per cent Sodium Chloride solution. Then the slices were dipped in mix of corn flour, Bengal gram flour, chilly powder, asafoetida and salt of required amount. Then it was deep fat fried in an oil pan. The finished product was subjected to organoleptic evaluation. Fresh tempeh prepared from above incorporation level was evaluated for its acceptability and quality using criteria such as colour: white, surface: covered entirely by mold mycelium, physical characteristics such as compactness, texture, elasticity, firmness. The fried tempeh developed was organoleptically evaluated by 20 trained judges using 9 point hedonic scale. The judges assessed colour, appearance, flavour, texture, taste and overall acceptability. Organoleptic evaluation was done using a score card, a score of “1” indicated that the recipe was “disliked extremely” and a score of “9” denoted the recipe was “liked extremely well” by the panel of judges Amerine et al. 1965. Biochemical characterisation of tempeh Fresh tempeh developed using 1:1 blending of cereals millets and soyabean was tested for moisture content, pH, protein, calcium, phosphorus, iron, vitamins such as thiamine and riboflavin content were done using standard procedures of AOAC 2002. Culture inoculum for tempeh developement The selected fungal strain PGJ-1 was morphologically characterised as Rhizophus sp. It was further identified by Microbial Type Culture Collection MTCC, Institute of Microbial Technology IMTECH, Chandigarh, India. According to MTCC the isolated culture was identified as Rhizophus oryzae and is deposited at MTCC with accession number 6584. The colonies on the potato dextrose agar medium was at first milky white, became greyish black in age, hyaline or brown sporangia were formed on short sporangiophores with unbranched rhizoids. The optimum condition for growth of PGJ-1 was 34 Ú C and pH was 2.8 to 4.5. R.oryzae has long been used in the tempeh solid state fermentation and is considered as food grade fungus and Generally Regarded As Safe GRAS for human consumption. Hachmeister and Fung 1993. The zygomycete Rhizopus oligosporus is traditionally used to ferment soybean tempeh, but it is also possible to ferment other legumes and cereals to tempeh. The traditionally made tempeh harbours a multitude of microorganisms with potentially beneficial or detrimental effects on quality. Feng et al . 2005 has indicated that pure culture fermentation of tempeh using barley grains yielded rich and quality tempeh with rubbery texture, good flavour and aroma at the end of incubation period. In the present study the screened isolate PGJ-1 developed quality tempeh with highest organoleptic score of 8 compared to the traditional inoculum which scored only 7. Selection of Soyabean and cereal millet incorporation levels At the end of fermentation the product developed a fresh meaty odour and it was sliced and used for culinary preparation. From the organoleptic evaluation it was evident that 50:50 blending of cereals millets and soyabeans were highly accepted than the 75:25 incorporation levels. The organoleptic scores were comparatively higher only when soyabeans was mixed with other grains at equal proportions. Hence only 1:1 blending treatments alone were selected for biochemical analysis. They selected treatments for biochemical characterisation were sorghum + soyabean 1:1, maize + Gayathry et al. : Development of tempeh a value added product from soyabeans and other underutilised cereals 149 soyabean 1:1, Italian millet + soyabean 1:1, little millet + soyabean 1:1, kodo millet + soyabean 1:1, soyabean alone Control 100. Vaidehi et al. 1996 has reported that maize + soyabean tempeh flour incorporated chapathi, ladoo, soup, porridge mixes recorded protein content of 13.2 g100g. But in the present study, the fresh tempeh showed relatively higher nutrient content. The soyatempeh was highly accepted with the overall acceptability score of 98 per cent followed by T 7 with an organoleptic score of 97 per cent. The moisture and pH of the tempeh obtained from selected treatments were found to be constant without any significant difference among them Table 2. The protein content of the control was found to be significantly higher of 48.00g100g followed by maize + soyabean tempeh of 38.0 g 100g. The lowest protein content of 16.70 g100g was recorded by little millet +soyabean incorporation. The protein content of maize + soyabean tempeh, maize + cow pea tempeh developed using their flour by Osundahunsi and Aworh 2003 were 19.7 and 19.2 g100g respectively. But the protein content of tempeh prepared in this study using maize + soyabean, Italian millet + soyabean, kodo millet + soyabean as whole grains showed significantly higher protein content of 38.00, 31.00, 30.00 g100g respectively. The highest concentration of calcium, phosphorous and iron as well as vitamins namely thiamine and riboflavin was found in T 7 treatment. Fermentation of various treatments by mold might have enhanced nutritional value and wholesomeness over the starting material. The results obtained in the present study are in concurrence with that of Van Veen et al. 1968 who has Treatments Incorporation levels 75 + 25 T 1 Sorghum + soyabean T 2 Maize + soyabean T 3 Italian millet+ soyabean T 4 Little millet + soyabean T 5 Kodo millet + soyabean Incorporation levels 50 + 50 T 6 Sorghum + soyabean T 7 Maize + soyabean T 8 Italian millet+ soyabean T 9 Little millet + soyabean T 10 Kodo millet + soyabean T control Soyabean alone 100 Table 2. Biochemical composition of fresh tempeh Table 1. Standardisation of various incorporation levels of soyabeans and cereals millets

S. No

Treatment Moisture pH Protein g Calcium mg Phosphorus mg Iron mg Thiamine mg Riboflavin mg 1. Sorghum + soyabean T 6 65.70 6.30 24.50 145.30 459.00 7.90 0.56 0.25 2. Maize + soyabean T 7 64.10 6.02 38.00 272.50 507.40 8.40 0.67 0.29 3. Italian millet + soyabean T 8 66.90 6.50 31.00 141.50 494.30 7.60 0.51 0.27 4. Little millet + soyabean T 9 65.30 6.60 16.70 159.50 272.60 8.40 0.48 0.26 5. Kodo millet + soyabean T 10 67.90 6.30 30.00 152.00 437.10 6.10 0.46 0.24 6. Soyabean alone T 64.31 6.60 48.00 410.0 450.00 11.2 0.70 0.37 SED 0.4209 0.0448 0.3605 0.0816 0.3362 0.0657 0.0125 0.0037 CD 0.9170 0.0976 0.7854 0.3956 0.7326 0.1432 0.0272 0.0080 stated that during fermentation of the legumes by mold, the protein content and other nutritional properties are enhanced. Vitamin content such as thiamine and riboflavin also increased due to fermentation and it may be attributed by fermenting microorganisms which might have increased the bio- availability of vitamins and minerals in millets and pulses by decreasing the activity of anti-nutritional factors and the results are similar to the findings of Shrestha and Rati 2003 who has reported that thiamine and riboflavin content of poko a tempeh like food fermented by R.chinensis increased during fermentation. Tempeh was developed by Bhavanishanker et al. 1987 using R. oligosporus to increase the nutritive value of partially defatted groundnut for human consumption. Bau 1994 has illustrated that solid-state fermentation of rapeseed using Rhizopus oligosporus would result in the improvement of biological, nutritional value and elimination of antinutritional substances. A 24 h fermentation induced a degradation of 57 per cent of á-galactosides, an important flatulence generator of rapeseed meal. The fermented meal had a high protein content 348 g kg ”1 and a net increase in aromatic amino acids and ammonia content. The present study has very well demonstrated the feasibility of processing a 1:1 blend of cerealsmillets and soyabean into tempeh like product using Rhizophus oryzae PGJ-1 isolated from a naturally fermented food. Based on the results of biochemical characteristics and sensory evaluation the product could very well serve as a protein, mineral and vitamin rich diet. Further soyabeans and other grains are dehulled in a wet process, having the advantage that no major equipment is required and the grains suffer very little mechanical damage. It can be concluded that tempeh can be developed with a little bit of processing using selected pure culture of mold strain at relatively cheaper rate using soyabeans and other less utilized milletscereals. REFERENCES Amerine MA, Pangbom RM and Rosseler EB. 1965. Principle of sensory evaluation of food. Academic Press, London. Bau HM., Villaume C., Lin CF., Evrard J., Quemener B., Nicolas JP and Mejean L. 1994. Effect of a solid-state fermentation using Rhizopus oligosporus sp.T-3 on elimination of antinutritional substances and modification of biochemical constituents of defatted rapeseed meal. Journal of Science of Food and Agriculture 65: 315–322. 150 Journal of Food Legumes 263 4, 2013 Bhavanishankar TN, Rajashekaran T and Sreenivasamurthy V. 1987. Tempeh-like product by groundnut fermentation. Food Microbiology 42:121-125 Blakeman JP, McCracken AR and Seaby DA. 1988. Changes brought about in solid substrates after fermentations of mixtures of cereals and pulses with Rhizopus oryzae. Journal of Science of Food and Agriculture 45: 109–118. Feng XM, Eriksson ARB and Schnurer J. 2005. Growth of lactic acid bacteria and Rhizopus oligosporus during barley tempeh fermentation. International Journal of Food Microbiology 104: 249–256. Hachmeister KA and Fung DY. 1993. Tempeh: A mold modified indigenous fermented food made from soyabeans and or cereal grains. Critical Reviews in Microbiology 19 3: 137 -188 Jonsson CE., Sandberg AS and Alminger ML. 2006. Reduction of phytate content while preserving minerals during whole grain cereal tempe fermentation. Journal of Cereal Science 44 2: 154–160 Osundahunsi OF and Aworh OC. 2003. Nutritional evaluation, with emphasis on protein quality of maize-based complementary foods enriched with soyabean and cowpea tempeh. International Journal of Food Science and Technology 38: 809-813. Rodrýìguez EO., MiIan CJ., Mora ER., Cárdenas VOG and Moreno RC. 2004. Quality protein maize Zea mays L. tempeh flour through solid state fermentation process. Food Science and technology 37 1: 59-67 Shrestha HN and Rati ER. 2003. Microbiological profile of murcha starters and physico-chemical charecteristics of poko, a rice based food product of Nepal. Food Biotechnology 16: 1-15 Steinkraus KH, Cullen RE, Pederson CS, Nellis LF and Gavitt BK. 1983. Indonesian tempeh and related fermentations. In: Handbook of Indigenous Fermented Foods ed. Steinkraus, K.H., Cullen, R.E., Pederson, C.S., Nellis, L.F. and Gavitt, B.K. pp. 1–94. New York: Marcel Dekker. Sutardi S and Buckle KA. 1985. Phytic acid changes in soyabeans fermented by traditional inoculum and six strains of Rhizophus oligosporus. Journal of Applied Bacteriology 58: 539 – 543 Vaidehi MP, Sumangala SG and Vijayakumari J. 1996. Tempeh based ready to prepare food mixes of high nutritional value. Journal of Food science and Technology 336: 506-509 Van Veen AG, Graham DCW and Steinkraus KH. 1968. Fermented peanut presscake. Cereal Science today. 13: 96 -99 Gayathry et al. : Development of tempeh a value added product from soyabeans and other underutilised cereals 151 Dr. K.S.Reddy, BARC, Mumbai Dr. E.V.D. Sastry, Durgapura, Jaipur Dr. K. B. Saxena, ICRISAT, Hyderabad Dr. D. Packiaraj, TNAU, Coimbatore Dr. Jagdish Singh, IIPR, Kanpur Dr. P.S.Singh, BHU, Varanasi Dr. Mohan Singh, IIPR, Kanpur Dr. Ramesh Chandra, Pantnagar Dr. P.S.Deshmukh, New Delhi Dr. G. Gopalaswamy, TNAU, Coimbatore Dr. P. Jayamani, TNAU, Coimbatore Dr. Livinder Kaur, PAU, Ludhiana Dr. Ashwini Kumar, Dhaulakuan Dr. Subhojit Datta, IIPR, Kanpur List of Refrees for Vol. 26 3 4 Dr. Dibendu Datta, IIPR, Kanpur Dr. A. Amarendra Reddy, ICRISAT, Hydearbad Dr. A. Bhattacharya, Kanpur Dr. R.K.Gupta, CIPHET, Ludhiana Dr. Maharaj Singh, IGFRI,Ghansi Dr. Inderjeet Singh, PAU, Ludhiana Dr. R.K.Panwar,Pantnagar Dr. Rahul Wadaskar, Akola Dr. D.D.Tiwari, Kanpur Dr. S.K.Singh, IIPR, Kanpur Dr. J. Souframanian, BARC, Mumbai Dr. M.N.Singh, BHU, Varanasi Dr. Anju Pathania, CSK HPKV, Sangla Dr. Sarvjeet, PAU, Ludhiana To encourage pulses research and development, ISPRD admits its members as Fellows. Applications in the prescribed proforma are invited from eligible ISPRD members for the award of ISPRD Fellowship for the year 2013. Any member is eligible if heshe has been the member of the Society continuously preceding last 5 years and has at least 3 research papers related to food legumes out of which, one must have been published in the Journal of Food Legumes . Only those 2 research papers, which were published in other Journals having NAAS rating at or above par with Journal of Food Legumes, will be considered . Filled- in applications along with necessary enclosures should be submitted to the Secretary, Indian Society of Pulses Research and Development, IIPR, Kanpur 208 024 U.P. by 31 March, 2014. Those who are already Fellows of the Society need not apply. Indian Society of Pulses Research and Development Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kanpur – 208 024 ISPRD Fellowship Awards 2013 Secretary, ISPRD secretary.isprdgmail.com Indian Society of Pulses Research and Development Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kanpur 208 024 ISPRD Fellowship Awards 2013 1. Name in Full : 2. Father’s Name : 3. Date of Birth : 4. Designation : 5. Field of specialization : 6. Address with Telephone No., E-mail and Fax Office : ________________________________________________________________________________________ Residence : ____________________________________________________________________________________ 7. Academic career Passport Size Photo Degree UniversityInstitution Year Distinction, if any Designation Organization Period 8. Employment Record and Experience 9. Enlist only three best publications indicating a Name of authors, b year, c title, d name of journal, volume no. and page nos. 10. Dateyear of lifeordinary membership of ISPRD. 11. 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Methods of Analysis of Soils, Plants, Water and Fertilizers ed. Fertilizer Development and Consultation Organization, New Delhi, India. 143 pp. Singh DP. 1989. Mutation breeding in blackgram. In: SA Farook and IA Khan Eds, Breeding Food Legumes. Premier Publishing House, Hyderabad, India. Pp 103-109. Takkar PN and Randhawa NS. 1980. Zinc deficiency in Indian soils and plants. In: Proceedings of Seminar on Zinc Wastes and their Utilization, 15-16 October 1980, Indian Lead-Zinc Information Centre, Fertilizer Association of India, New Delhi, India. Pp 13-15. Satyanarayan Y. 1953. Photosociological studies on calcarious plants of Bombay. Ph.D. Thesis, Bombay University, Mumbai, India. In the text, the bibliographical reference is made by giving the name of the authors with the year of publication. If there are two references, then it should be separated by placing ‘comma’ e.g., Becker et al. 1988, Tandon 1993. If references are of the same year, arrange them in alphabatic order, otherwise arrange them in ascending order of the years. While preparing manuscripts, authors are requested to go through the latest issue of the journal. Authors are also required to send the names E-mail address of least 3-4 reviewers appropriate to their articles. Instructions to Authors 14. Beneficial traits of endophytic bacteria from field pea nodules and plant growth promotion of field pea 73 S. Narula, R.C. Anand and S.S. Dudeja

15. Effect of temperature-tolerant rhizobial isolates as PGPR on nodulation, growth and yield of 80

Pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan L Milsp.] Simranjit Kaur and Veena Khanna

16. Phenotypic characterization of rhizobacteria associated with mungbean rhizosphere 84

Navprabhjot Kaur and Poonam Sharma

17. Root morphology and architecture CRIDA indigenous root chamber-pin board method of two 90

morphologically contrasting genotypes of mungbean under varied water conditions V. Maruthi, K. Srinivas, K.S. Reddy, B.M.Kk. Reddy, B.M.K. Raju, M. Purushotham Reddy, D.G.M. Saroja and K. Surender Rao

18. Selection parameters for pigeonpea Cajanus cajan L. Millsp. genotypes at early growth stages

97 against soil moisture stress Anuj Kumar Singh, J.P. Srivastava, R.M. Singh, M.N. Singh and Manoj Kumar

19. Optimization of extrusion process variables for development of pulse-carrot pomace 103

incorporated rice based snacks Md. Shafiq Alam, Baljit Singh, Harjot Khaira, Jasmeen Kaur and Sunil Kumar Singh 20. Area expansion under improved varieties of lentil through participatory seed production programme 115 in Ballia District of Uttar Pradesh S. K. Singh, Riyajuddeen, Vinay Shankar Ojha and Sanjay Yadav

21. Performance of chickpea in varied conditions of Uttar Pradesh 120

Lakhan Singh and A.K. Singh

22. Role of pulses in the food and nutritional security in India 124