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microteaching class still consider the video camera as a new technology in this university as this has just been used since 2005.
Concerning the use of video camera in education fields and the microteaching concept, the researcher will then review the process of perceiving stimuli in order to
picture how someone perceives the stimulus which is relatively new for him or her. In addition, by reviewing the process of perception, people will understand more
how and why someone pays attention to certain stimuli more than the other.
3. Perception and Perception Process
According to Altman, et.al. 1985: 85, perception is defined as the way how people select and group the stimuli so that they can interpret the stimuli
meaningfully. In other words, perception is the way how people view their environment. Another definition, as defined by Warga 1983: 207, perception is a
meaningful translation from physical energy that we feel or sense. Here, our senses feel the form of physical energy which is interpreted as a message in the brain as
sensation. The combination of sensations are, then, translated into meaning. Based on both definitions, it can be concluded that everyone has his or her
own view on something he or she experiences in an occasion or feels in the environment. The same object or event could be perceived differently by different
person, which then leads to different behavioural responses or attitudes. Relating to this study, perception is the way how the students feel, think about, and consider
something, in this case is the use of video camera in microteaching classes. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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Perception is considered as the process in which the existence of the objects and phenomena is reflected in a person’s awareness and consciousness as stated by
Leontiev 1981: 31. Sensory organs such as eyes, ears, tongue, nose, and skin help the process of perception. It means that a person consciously perceives objects,
surroundings and occurrence around by the help of sensory organs. Altman et.al 1985: 85 stated that in perceptual process, in order to be
interpreted meaningfully, the stimuli perceived are selected and grouped. The diagram below shows how the perceptual process flows:
Behavioral responses
Perception, organization, and
interpretation of stimuli
Sensors’ selection of stimuli
stimuli
figure 2.2. The perceptual process The existence of perception begins from the stimuli. Stimuli are forms of
physical energy, such as light, heat, sound, and movement that strikes sensory receptors. The sensory receptors are the sensory organs of body such as ears, eyes,
nose, and skin whose duty is to convey message to the brain. The selected stimuli will result in the form of information. The brain will organize and interpret the
information received. The interpretation of the information is called sensation, the translation of external energy. After interpreting the information, the brain translates
the information into meanings. The result of the meaningful translation of the information is called perception. Then, behavioural responses towards the perception
exist. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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From the perceptual process above, it is clearly seen that stimuli result in perception. The perception towards something is influenced by four factors Altman
et. al, 1985: 86, they are: a.
Selection of stimuli Everyone selects certain stimuli and the stimuli can be different from one
person to another. Altman et.al. also says that that people have different threshold level in selecting the stimuli. Some people can listen to the music or
watch television while they are studying, whereas others cannot. More about selecting the stimuli, Warga 1983 offers six factors which influence someone
to select the stimuli. Those factors are: 1 Size
Warga considers size as a factor influencing stimuli. This is because the size really grabs someone’s attention. For example, big bold
letters in a paper will grab people’s attention to read more than small letters.
“One of our leading cues is size. We use it to judge importance. This is why the message the advertiser wants us to see is always
large, bold letters that stand out. Details about the weight, size, and content of the package are usually in fine print.” Warga,
1983: 208
2 Change
Changes always grab our attention. Consider a restaurant which the owner changes or repaint its wall colour from soft yellow to bright pink.
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People who rarely have lunch in that restaurant will be surprised finding something different and suddenly notice that the wall has been repainted.
3 Repetition By repeating the same stimulus, someone will be forced to pay
attention. For example, there is a student who always talks to his or her friends while the teacher is explaining. In order to grab the student’
attention, the teacher will usually call his or her name once. However, if he or she does not pay attention yet, the teacher will call his or her name
for several times until he or she pays attention to the teacher. 4 Intensity
Saying something with loud voice will make people pay more attention on it as it is more clearly heard as Warga explains:
“Up to a point, the louder you shout, the better you will be heard. The intensity of the stimulus-your voice- makes it stand out above
other stimuli, so that listeners are forced to pay attention to you.” Warga, 1983: 209
Nevertheless, if people shout too loud every time, the listeners will
ignore the voice as the voice is annoying. Therefore, it is better if people do not speak too loud but with tolerable volume, rhythm, articulation,
and intonation Purnomo, et.al., 2005. 5 Movement
Moving things are more interesting than unmoving things. People will notice a car moving in a small parking lot when the other cars do not
move. This is clear that movement will suddenly attract our attention to PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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the things which move. However, unnecessary movements should be avoided as they would bother the viewer Purnomo, et.al., 2005.
Moreover, people will tend to ignore the movements as those movements are considered not important.
6 Set Warga defines set as an emotional disposition that influences
perception. The set causes someone to interpret sensations into a meaning that is based on what he or she expects to perceive. For example, if you
are invited to have dinner at your friend’s house whose father is a successful car businessman, then you expect that your friend’s house is
big, beautiful, and stylish. Then you will dress as beautiful as possible in order to fit the dinner invitation.
b. Organization of stimuli
The selected stimuli should be organized in order to be meaningful. Altman et.al. 1985: 87 stated that the perceptual organization of information could
help us categorize sensory inputs. The categorization makes the complexity of the information becomes simpler so that the person can interpret the stimuli as
meaningful information. c.
The situation Everyone has different expectation towards a situation happening around
him or her. The expectation towards a situation affects the perception. d.
Self-concept PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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Altman defines self-concept as the way someone perceives him or herself. The way the person feels and sees him or herself affects his or her perception
towards environment surrounding, whether to like or dislike something. The selection of stimuli, organization of stimuli, the situation, and self
concept are the four factors as described above that influence someone in having perception towards some condition. It is clear that after getting the chosen stimuli
which can be in the form of physical or mental stimuli, then people will perceive, organize, and interpret the stimuli meaningfully. As the response to the stimuli,
people will react to the stimuli in the form of behavioural response or attitude. After reviewing the nature of the use of video camera in educational contexts,
microteaching concept, and the perception process, the research will elaborate the theoretical framework to picture the steps that the researcher will conduct in order to
gather the data needed.
B. Theoretical Framework
