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CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter is divided into two main divisions. The first part is the review of related theories. These are the theories which are relevant with the study. The
second one is theoretical framework. It explains the contribution on each theory in solving the problems.
A. Review of Related Theories
The review of related theories consists of the theory of literary approach, theory of character and characterization, theory of abuse, and theory of
personality. The review of related theories reviews the theories applied in conducting the study.
1. Critical Approach
According to Rohrberger and Woods the critical approach is divided into five approaches to analyze a work of literature. Those are “formalist approach,
biographical approach, sociocultural-historical approach, mythopoeic approach, psychological approach” 6. The first one is the formalist approach, “this
approach concerns with demonstrating the harmonious involvement of all the parts to the whole and with pointing out how meaning is derived from structure
and how matters of technique determine structure” 6. The formalist approach is
11 not necessary to study the author’s life, the social background and the
psychological aspects, or any sources related to the work. The second approach is the biographical approach, “this approach asserts
the necessity for an appreciation of the ideas and personality of the author to an understanding of the literary object” 8. Therefore, it puts an emphasize on the
author’s life and background to get a good understanding about literary works because sometimes the literary work produced by the authors is based on their life
experiences. However, the reader cannot judge any moral value of the writing based on the life of the writer.
The third one is the sociocultural-historical approach, “it investigates the social milieu in which a work was created and which it necessarily reflects” 9.
Establishing the validity of the text is evidence to support the readers in analyzing a work of literature. Literary works can be a portrait of events at a certain moment
in time. The fourth one is the mythopoeic approach, “it seeks to discover certain
universally recurrent pattern of human thought, which they believe find expression in significant works of art” 11. The universally recurrent patterns are
those that found first expression in an ancient myths and folk rites. Those are very basic to human thought that they have meaning for all men.
The last one is psychological approach. It involves the effort to locate and to demonstrate certain recurrent patterns. It draws on a different body of
knowledge, “one of the most powerful of the conflicts arising from the interplay of parts of the personality occurs early in childhood” 13.
12 Atkinson states that psychoanalytic theories explore the private
personality; the unconscious motives that direct behavior, “psychoanalytic theory is also concerned with the way in which personality develops” 395. Both Woods
and Atkinson have the similar idea about psychological approach. They emphasize the way personality develops. Since the topics in this study, character,
abuse, and personality are parts of psychological knowledge, psychological approach is the proper approach as a base in analyzing this study.
2. Character and Characterization
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