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CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter consists of two sections, namely the review of related theories and the theoretical framework. The review of related theories discusses the theory
of character and characterization, the critical approach, the theory of psychology, and the theory of culture. The last section, which is the theoretical framework,
explains why the theories described in the previous section are applied in this study.
A. Review of Related Theories
This section reviews four categories. Those categories are the theories on the character and characterization, the critical approach, the theory of psychology,
and the theory of culture.
1. Theory of Character and Characterization
This category reviews three parts. The theories to review are related to character and characterization. Those three parts include a the theory of character,
b the theory of characterization, and c the method of characterization.
a. Theory of Character
A character occupies a strategy to bring and convey a message, moral or something that is purposely conveyed. As mentioned in Abrams 1993, characters
are the persons presented in a dramatic, or native work who have moral, natural tendencies, and emotional qualities presented through their speeches and actions p.
23. Beside, Holman and Harmon 1986 note that a character is a complicated term
10 that includes the idea of the moral condition of the human personality, the presence
of moral virtue, and simpler concept of human presentation as the creatures in art p. 81.
There are some types of characters. Froster 2002 divides characters into two types, namely a flat character and a round character pp. 46-54. The flat
character is the one who does not change. This type of a character is easily recognized and remembered because heshe acts the same through the whole story.
A flat character enables readers to see one side of the character. Conversely, a round character is the one who makes readers surprised because of hisher actions.
A round character is very complex as heshe often undergoes significant changes. Therefore, readers are able to see all sides of the character.
b. Theory of Characterization
The process of connecting information with a figure in a text is to provide a character in a fictional world with a certain property, or properties, concerning
body, mind, behavior, or relation to the social environment Eder, Jannidis,
Schneider, 2010, p. 32. Such a way of understanding a character through derived
information in a story is named as characterization. Types of characterization are categorized into three distinguished factors.
According to Eder, Jannidis, and Schneider
2010, characterization works directly and verbally, and indirectly p. 32. The direct and verbal characterization ascribe
a character certain traits which are not visible from the outside, particularly psychological traits. It enables readers to know the explicit name of traits. Besides,
the indirect characterization ascribes traits not directly in words and it reports an
11 action which can hint in at invisible states and properties. Indirect characterization
includes all manner of activities, from habitual movement to a description of actions a character performs in hisher working life. Therefore readers need to observe the
characteristics of a character from words, opinions, and actions in the novel until finally they can guess.
c. Method of Characterization
To describe a main character, the researcher uses the theory of characterization by Murphy and Card. According to Murphy 1972, there are nine
ways of characterization pp. 161-173. The first method proposed by Murphy 1972 is through personal description. He says that author describes
a person’s characteristics through hisher appearance and clothes. Characteristics can be seen
by looking at the wearing. The second method proposed by Murphy 1972 is through character as seen by another. A character is not only described through
appearance and clothes but it is also descr ibed by other characters’ point of views
toward himher. Other characters will state their judgments about others. Therefore, it will be easy to understand
someone’s characterization by considering other characters’ point of views. The third method proposed by Murphy 1972 is through
speeches. The speeches can indicate a deeper understanding about the character when the character produces utterances to propose an idea. When the character
utters an idea, what kind of person heshe is can easily be seen. Readers can know directly whether the character gives good or bad utterences.
The fourth method proposed by Murphy 1972 is through past life. The past life told in the story can help readers learn something about someone
’s history and
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