13 real life, motive cannot be understood fully. In fiction, however, an author can help
readers understand a character’s motive with the clarity or even certainty. The
second way proposed by Card 1988 is through a character’s past life. Knowing
the character ’s past revises readers understanding of who heshe is today.
According to Card 1988, people are what they have done and what has been done to them. In creating a fiction character, telling about past can help readers
understand the intended character at the time of the story. The third way proposed by Card 1988
is through a character’s reputation. Whether the reputation of the character is deserved or not, part of a character’s identity is what others say about
herhim. When other characters gives personal judgment to a certain character, readers can use it to see hisher characteristics. Therefore, readers can conclude the
characteristics from what others say. The fourth way proposed by Card 1988
is through a character’s stereotype. The moment when people see a stranger, immediately they start classifying himher
according to the group they recognize where shehe belongs to. Similar to a fictional character, a character who fits with stereotype is familiar. Therefore, an author can
use the stereotypes to make readers think that they understand herhim. The fifth way proposed by Card 1988
is through a character’s network. Network is also startling and effective devices in fiction to take out of character in one setting.
Network puts them in another condition where difference of personality comes to the fore. The sixth way proposed by Card 1988
is through a character’s habits and patterns. A character
’s habits and patterns of behavior are definitely a part of who a character is. Habits do not only make a character more realistic, but also open up
14 story possibilities. A change in pattern shows the important changes of a
character’s life.
The seventh way proposed by Card 1988 is through a character’ talents and
abilities. A part of who you are is what you do. Readers will perk up, if a character turns out to be unusually good at something. Someo
ne’s talents and abilities show his characteristics including the weakness or the strength on something. The eighth
way is through a character’s taste and preferences. A fictional character has
preferences to make readers understand the character better. The last way proposed by Card 1988
is through a character’s body. It is a certainty important part of a character. Physical condition
can force a character’s life; minority the physical problems can have powerful effect of how a person feels about the character and
the others treat herhim.
2. Critical Approach
Rohrberger and Woods 1971 classify the critical approach into five types. These five types of critical approaches are a formalist approach, a biographical
approach, a socio cultural-historical approach, a mythopoeic approach, and a psychological approach p. 6-15. Formalist approach is regarded as only with
esthetic value of a literary piece. B iographical approach is where the author’s
background is used in appreciating hisher work. Sociocultural-historical concerns with references from social, cultural, and historical events when literary work is
produced. Mythopoeic approach views that a literary piece consists of the theme of ancient myths and folk rite which are included consciously or unconsciously by the
15 author. Psychological approach deals with identifying any aspect of psychology
underlying a certain element of literary work. 3.
Theory of Psychology
In the theory of psychology, the researcher includes the theory of conflict. This theory includes the conflict and the conflict resolution. The first part, which is
the conflict, discusses the definition and types of conflict. Meanwhile, the second part, which is the conflict resolution, discusses the intrapersonal and the
interpersonal conflict resolutions.
a. Conflict
According to Kasschau 2003, psychology is a scientific study of behavior and mental process p. 9. When applied to humans, psychology covers everything
that people think, feel, and do. Since the unconscious motivation and conflicts are responsible for human behavior, therefore, conflict can be considered as a
psychological aspect of human being Kasschau, 2003, p. 9. According to
Insenhart and Spangle 2000, conflict is as an exposed struggle between at least two independent parties that perceive incompatible goals and inadequate resources
and intrusion from another party in obtaining their goals. Conflict appears when there is a struggle between two independent parties because they cannot fulfill two
or more mutual actions altogether. It happens whenever incompatible activities occur.
Similarly, Wilmot and Hocker 1985 define a conflict as an expressed struggle between at least two interdependent parties who perceive incompatible
goals, scare rewards, and interference from the other parties in achieving their goals
16 as cited in Borisoff, Victor, David, 1989, p. 2. The incompatible goals happen
when the desires between two interdependent parties are different. According to Gaffar and Khan 2012, there are five major types of conflicts
including intrapersonal, interpersonal, intragroup, intergroup, and organizational levels p. 333. From the five types of conflict, brief detailed information about the
intrapersonal and interpersonal conflicts is discussed further. According to Gaffar and Khan 2012, intrapersonal conflict arises because of multifarious reasons
within an individual p. 333. This conflict that happens within an individual indicates the presence of different ideas, opposing feelings, and activities. It causes
stress, anxiety, uncertainty, hesitation, and depression. In contrast, interpersonal conflict represents conflicts between two individuals. In other words, this conflict
occurs between two independent parties. Interpersonal conflict always presents in groups because individuals differ in terms of values, beliefs, attitudes, and behavior.
For instance, the interpersonal conflict appears because of disagreement to achieve their own goals.
b. Conflict Resolution
Conflicts often appear in human life. This condition makes people have to deal with conflicts. People have to develop strategies to deal with conflicts.
McCollum 2009 states that conflicts can be managed in six ways p. 19. The first conflict resolution proposed by McCollum 2009 is avoidance. A person can
use this strategy to steer clear of conflicts, for any number of reasons. The person can decide that the confrontation proves more troubles that are worth. The second
conflict resolution proposed by McCollum 2009 is independent action. This
