and is accepted as a necessary thing. This research figures out how the actions of repression happen at school.
B. Review of Related Theories
To answer the problem formulation of this research, there are some theories which are used to support the analysis. Those theories are presented
briefly as follows.
1. Theory of Character and Characterization
In the intrinsic elements of the work of literature, characters are those who are included in the work attributed with some certain moral, intellectual, and
emotional qualities. A Glossary of Literary Terms stated that The grounds in the characters temperament, desires, and moral nature for
their speech and actions are called their motivation…. Whether a character remains stable or changes, the reader of a traditional and realistic work
expects consistency—the character should not suddenly break off and act in a way not plausibly grounded in his or her temperament as we have
already come to know it. Abrams, 1993: 23
Abrams highlighted not only on the traits that characters have, but also the existence of motivation beyond characters’ actions. This motivation is not always
mentioned, therefore an analysis on characters should do more than reading the written things.
The method of attributing characteristics on the characters is called characterization. According to Abrams, there are two ways of characterization:
showing and telling 1993: 23. In showing method, it is the character which by
himheritself shows the characteristics through talking and acting. Meanwhile, for telling method, it is the author who is in charge to intervene in order to describe
the characters. Other theory states that “The simplest form of characterization is naming”
Wellek and Warren,1963: 219. The other mode out of that simplest one is by a paragraph describing the physical appearance in detail. Another one is by
analyzing the moral and psychological nature. M. J. Murphy even presented more complete ways of characterization
1972: 161-173. The characteristics of a character might be identified through the personal description written by the author, the opinions of other characters, the
character’s speech, the character’s life background, the conversation of other characters, the reaction toward certain situations, the author’s direct comment, the
character’s thought and habits.
2. Theory of Psychoanalysis
The basis of thought in psychoanalytic theory is that what drives human being is not the consciousness, but the unconsciousness. This idea is the
revolutionary thing which made psychoanalytic a separated discipline from psychology in the late 19
th
century. The concept of ‘unconsciousness’ was firstly introduced by a psychologist who later became psychoanalyst named Sigmund
Freud. The existence of unconsciousness is impossibly ‘caught in hand’, but it is proved by several signs.
In this theory, Freud also presented his own perspective on the definition of ‘self’. The sense of self commonly refers to the defining elements of
personality and character Elliot, 2002: 9. Freud revolted this view by defining self or ‘ego’ as a “dimension of subjectivity which is internally fashioned through
interpersonal relationships and intense emotional experiences, particularly experience in early infancy and childhood” Elliot, 2002: 10. Freud’s breaking-
through thought split the centre of the self between consciousness of the self and the unconscious.
The very famous concept in psychoanalytic proposed by Freud is the division of what structures human. He introduced the terms ego, superego, and id.
It is called the tripartite model Bressler, 1998: 150. Ego is the rational, logical, waking part of the mind. It is usually recognized by the visible entity which is the
human. Superego is thing which shapes, controls, and even restricts the ego. In real life, superego is represented by the existence of grand narration or discourses
where humans live. Id is the more abstract entity which runs the function of being what exactly human wants. Unconsciousness is the main distinctive point that
psychoanalysis officially deals with.
3. Theory of Subject by Lacan
The next important thinker of psychoanalysis was Jacques Lacan. He claimed that all individuals are fragmented; no one is whole Bressler, 1998: 156.
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