The Japanese Immigrant Family in the USA

expects the children will come to think that their selfish deeds suffer the mother. Kato also summarizes that Japanese children will soon regret their wrong doing after realizing that their parents have been suffering because of them and then end up following what their parents say. However, American people tend to think that amae or physical dependency of children to their parents indicates immaturity and negative quality. They assume that individualism is ideal since mature people should be independent as well Kato, 1989: 52-53. In addition, The Japanese is a patriarchal society. Hsiao-Chuan Hsia and John H. Scanzoni in Rethinking The Roles of Japanese Women says that, the Japanese were influenced by Confucianism and Buddhism that changed matrilineality system into patrilineality system. Women lost their legal privilleges, for instance, they could not own property and divorce their husbands. Confucianism and Buddhism not only changed the system, but also ascribed an inferior social and religious status for women Hsia, 1996: 310-311. Chris Kincaid in A Look At Gender Expectations In Japanese Society states that in Japanese society, gender identities are defined by culture more than physical difference between men and women. Women are labelled into child-bearing because men are physically cannot. However, child-rearing roles are a product of a culture. Furthermore, Kincaid also adds a few key ideas about gender that persist within Japanese society, namely: a. Men should work outside the home. b. Genders should be brought up differently. c. Women are more suited to household work and child-rearing than men. d. Full time housewives are valuable to society because of their family raising role. http:www.japanpowered.comjapan-culturea-look-at-gender-expectations-in- japanese-society

D. Theoretical Framework

The first theory is the theory of character and characterization. The writer uses this theory to answer the research question number one. By using this theory, the writer is able to analyze Chi zuko Sakata’s character. It also embodies the context of Chizuko, attitude, role, perspective, and function as a woman, mother, and breadwinner in the play. The second theory is the theory of Postcolonial feminism and the third is Theory of Hybridity and the last is Theory of Gender Stereotype. The writer uses the concept of feminism which is ‘constructedness’ to analyze how experiences, conditions and circumstances contribute in constructing the idea of postcolonial feminism reflected through the struggle of Chizuko Sakata as an Issei widow who lives in California. Meanwhile, theory of gender stereotype and the theory of hybridity are used to support the theory of postcolonial feminism, therefore the analysis on Chizuko’s struggle as Issei widow can be strong and relevant. Moreover, the historical background of Japanese immigrant is used to give the context to the analysis. In the end, the writer finds out how postcolonial feminism reflected through main character by analyzing data that already gathered using postcolonial feminism approach, theory of gender stereotype, theory of hybridity and theory of postcolonial feminism.