10
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
In this chapter, the researcher would like to discuss some theories related to the topic of the study. The discussion is presented in two main parts i.e.
Theoretical Description and Theoretical Framework. In the Theoretical Description part, the researcher presents theories of immersion programs,
Cambridge International Examinations curriculum, Content-Based Instruction, and English grammar, whereas in the Theoretical Framework section, the
researcher presents the theories used as the foundation of conducting the research and analyzing the research findings.
A. Theoretical Description
This part of discussion is divided into four major parts. The first part is concerned with immersion programs, while the second is concerned with
Cambridge International Examinations curriculum. The third part will address Content-Based Instruction, while the fourth will discuss several theories of
English grammar. All of these theories will be the basis of the research.
1. Immersion Programs
Swain and Lapkin 1982 illustrate a special class in Canada. The class consists of several nine-year-old children. Their mother tongue is English, but
from the time they arrive at school to the time they leave, they are spoken to almost entirely in French. They are greeted by their teachers in French, their
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
11 lessons are all delivered in French, their teachers speak to them in the playground
as well as in the dinner hall in French, and then say goodbye to them at the end of the day in French. Shortly speaking, the medium of communication among
teachers and students of that class in the school is simply French, the non-native language spoken by people in the environment. This condition is far different
from when they began the class early on. In the beginning, they used to reply to their teachers’ French in English naturally, but over time this has changed, and
now the students are increasingly using French during their school days. The teaching-learning style used by the teachers in Canada as exemplified
above is called “immersion”. It is based on the idea that learners may ‘acquire’ a secondforeign language in much the same way as children ‘pick up’ their native
language, which is through exposure Johnson, 2001: 135. Immersion programs or international classes are defined differently by
many experts. The followings are some of those definitions proposed by several most influential researchers in language learning. Even though the terms used are
distinctive, the basic meaning of them is more or less the same. Krashen 1984: 74 states that “Immersion programs are public school
programs in which majority language students study in a minority language.” In addition, Lightbrown and Spada 2000 propose that “Immersion programs are
referred to by Krashen 1984 as ‘communicative programs par excellence’ since the focus is almost exclusively on meaning through subject matter instruction
rather than on the form of language itself.” Moreover, Stephen D. Krashen and Tracy D. Terrell 1983 suggest that “Content activities refer to learning academic
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
12 subject matter such as math, science, social studies, art, and music in the target
language.” Ideally, the program is started from the elementary level; between the age
of two to puberty, which is believed as the best time for children to learn and acquire any languages in accordance with Critical Period Hypothesis Penfield
and Roberts, 1959 and Lenneberg, 1967. However, the initial immersion program in Indonesia was started behind schedule in secondary school level. Students of
these programs are exposed to English in their classes by using it the major means of delivering subject matters. They may sometimes use Indonesian when they find
difficulties in delivering what they want to say in the target language, yet the teachers try their best to respond to them in English in any possible situations.
2. Cambridge International Examinations curriculum
Kategori