I M PLIC A SIO N A N D C O N C LUSIO N

I M PLIC A SIO N A N D C O N C LUSIO N

This article characterizes informed respondents’ strengthness in conducting credit risk management system. The main implication of this study is to give impetus to the banking sector, especially the BI to issue a policy in dealing with credit risk more carefully. Mainly focuses on contextual factors such as attention to strategy, culture and the accuracy of personal determination in strengthening the quality of lending to all customers (without exception), making decisions that are not only concentrated on the boss, the emphasis on process and mechanism in a feasibility lending standards, compliance in performing the procedure and reduces the delegation of authority in the selection process the credit. Thus setting the limits of credit risk, the determination of eligibility period of time to measure the level of credit risk measurement and management mechanism of credit and reduce the possibility of financial management pressures and maintain operating margins can run well and according to banking purposes.

The results of this study can then be used as a basis for strengthening the banking credit risk management system as a whole. The success of credit leakage pengantisipasian sizable impact on improving banking performance. This can be targeted by the Bank to encourage more banks that go public, in other words more and more people are involved in monitoring the performance of commercial banks. Another impact of this policy is to BI to create new regulations to reduce the share composition of bank owners, so the bank will not be used as a tool to facilitate private business, to more transparency and accountability in line with management responsibilities of public funds.

It is the show That there are the Restoration of banking intermediation can eventually

be achieved through increased lending to maximize the selection process and mechanism in accordance with the best policy. Problems can dielimisi credit crunch with the recovery of banking intermediation, so that will have an impact on Indonesian economic

RISK MA NA G EMENT A ND INSURA NC E REVIEW

growth, due to high investment and working capital invested to all productive sectors and

potential.

Strengthening credit risk management system, estimate the quality and predictability of credit risk management in accordance with the provisions of BI applied consistently by commercial banks in Indonesia, thus providing a new focus on banking in anticipation of the credit risk management and the need to pay special attention to analyzing competitive strategy, corporate culture and organizational structure as strengthening the internal banking system. Furthermore, this study gives an idea of the banking regulator of BI in improving the function of monitoring and anticipation of credit risk management that must be run by commercial banks in Indonesia

The results of this study can be summarized as follows.

1. Competitive strategy, corporate culture and organizational structure influence on credit risk management system of commercial banks in Indonesia, except the external environment. This is consistent with the results of the study Miller and Friesen (1982), Govindarajan (1988), Govindarajan and Fisher (1990) and Syafruddin (2001) contingency variables have a positive relationship and influence on management control system. This is perfecting the supervision system of compliance-based regulation (compliant based) into bebasis risk. Supervision should be more active, such as through the implementation of early warning systems (early warning system) terahadap emergence of risk. The better the job description, procedures and regulations, the small level of delegation of authority, the high level of complexity departementalisasi and specializes in work that is applied by the company, the greater the opportunity to reduce credit risks that occur.

2. Credit risk management system has a relatively large effect on the performance of commercial banks in Indonesia. This is consistent with the results of research Govindarajan and Fisher (1990), Koach and Scott (2000), which states that the more effective control system, the company increased the company's performance. If the credit risk management systems are applied consistently and compliance, as the basis for strengthening policies for commercial banks to anticipate the credit leakage occurred during the performance of banks is increasing. The more often the bank to identify and use the tools of risk control in the selection process of granting credit, the more significant levels of risk measurement mechanisms in conducting credit analysis, tighter supervision and control risk in credit approval, the greater the opportunity to reduce credit risk occurring and increasing the performance of commercial banks in Indonesia.

3. The external environment weakens the causality of credit risk management system on the performance of commercial banks in Indonesia. Meanwhile, competitive strategy, corporate culture and organizational structure moderates the effect of credit risk management system on the performance of commercial banks in Indonesia, the most dominant and strengthen the corporate culture. This study supports research to Hofstede et., Al. (1990), Ghoshal (1994), Lin and Germain (2003) which states that the corporate culture moderate the influence of the effectiveness of management control system to increase the company's performance. This proved relatively large effect of credit risk management system on the performance of commercial banks, particularly commercial banks business culture that is work ethic and commitment in service backed banking call center 24 hours, a professional work team and workaholic, and the banker who is very animated risk takers in the bank to prudently manage so that the performance of commercial banks in Indonesia, the better.

C O NTING ENT O F C REDIT RISK MA NA G EMENT SYSTEM O N BA NKS PERFO RMA NC E

4. The performance of commercial banks in Indonesia as a whole is very good and the line between primary and secondary data. Performance of State Commercial Banks (Persero) is the best, in other words the performance of state commercial banks (Persero) is relatively better than the performance of five commercial banks group of other competitors.

Finally our study has some suggestions for future studies, and concerns with limitations of this study, such as follow.

1. Menggunakan data credit scoring dan value at risk (VAR) yang lebih determinastik,

2. To extract and increase the number of research unit /respondents and diversify into

marketing, operational, finance and other management functions at commercial banks.

3. To conduct Risk based audit regulary, and

4. To cover other contingenty variables, such as banking information system technology,

bank size, decentralizationi, and

5. Long period of Bank operationalization, more than 10 years (time series) and crossectional seconder data. R EFEREN C ES

Abernety, M. A. dan Jan, Bouwens (2000). The Consequences of Customization on Managemen Accounting System Design, Accounting Organizations and Society . Vol.

25. 221-241.

Aguais, Scott D. dan L. R. Forest (2000). The Future of Risk-Adjusted Credit Pricing in Financial Institutions. The RMA Journal. November 2000.

Aguais, Scott D. L. R. Forest dan D. Rosen (2001). Building A Credit Risk Valuation Framework for Loan Instruments. Algorithmic LLP.

Aguais, Scott D. L. R. Forest dan D. Rosen (2001a). Building a Credit Risk Valuation Framework for Loan Instruments. Commercial Lending Review.

Aguais, Scott D. dan D. Rosen (2001b). Enterprise Credit Risk Management. Algorithmics Publications Research.

Agung, Juda (1998). Financial Deregulation and Bank lending channel in Developing

Countries: The case of Indonesia. Asian Economic Journal, September. 12(3): 273-294.

Agung, Juda (2000). Financial Constraints, Firms Investment and the Channel of Monetary Policy in Indonesia. Applied Economics. Volume 32(13): 1637-1646 (10).

Agung, Juda. Kusmiarso, Bambang. Pramono, Bambang. Hutapea, Erwin G. Prasmuko, Andry dan Joko Prastowo N. (2001). Credit Crunch di Indonesia Setelah Krisis, Fakta,

RISK MA NA G EMENT A ND INSURA NC E REVIEW

Penyebab dan Implikasi Kebijakan, Direktorat Riset Ekonomi dan Kebijakan Moneter

BI.

Alexander, Carol dan E. Sheedy (2004). The Professional Risk Managers' Handbook: A Comprehensive Guide to Current Theory and Best Practices (1st ed.). Wilmington, DE: PRMIA Publications.

Allen, Franklin. dan Gale, Douglas (2000). Financial Contagion. The Journal of Political Economy. 108: 1-33.

Almilia, L. S. dan Winny H. (2005). Analisis Rasio Camel Terhadap Prediksi Kondisi Bermasalah pada Lembaga Perbankan Perioda 2000 – 2002. Jurnal Akuntansi dan Keuangan. Vol.7 No.2. Nopember 2005.

Altman, E. I. dan Saunders, A. (1998). Credit Risk Measurement: Developments over the Last 20 Years. Journal of Banking & Finance 21: 1721-1742.

Altman, E. I. (2002). Corporate Distress Prediction Models in a Turbulent Economic and Basel II Environment. Stern School of Business, New York, September 2002. Angerer X. W. (2004). Empirical Studies on Risk Management of Investors and Banks. Dissertation. The Ohio State University.

Anthony, R. N. dan V. Govindarajan (1995). Management Control System. The Irwin. United States of America.

Anthony, R. N. dan V. Govindarajan (2000). Management Control Systems. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Back, Barbro. Laitenen, T. Sere, K. dan Wezel, M. V. (1996). Choosing Bankruptcy Predictors Using Discriminant Analysis, Logit Analysis and Genetic Algorithms. Turky Center for Computer Science. September 1996.

Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, (1997). Core Principles for Effective Banking Supervision. Bank for International Settlements, Basel, Switzerland (April).

Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, (2000). Principles for the Management of Credit Risk. Bank for International Settlements. Basel. Switzerland (September).

Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, (2001). A Consultative Document the New Basel Capital Accord. Basel Switzerland. Bank for International Settlements, January 2001.

Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, (2001). An Explanatory Note the New Basel Capital Accord. Basel Switzerland. Bank for International Settlements. January 2001.

Bassett, G dan Carr, A. (1986). Role Sets and Organization Structure. Leadership and Organization Development Journal. 17(4):37-45.

Bernanke, B. dan Lown, C. (1991). The Credit Crunch. Brooking Paper in Economic Activity, February.

C O NTING ENT O F C REDIT RISK MA NA G EMENT SYSTEM O N BA NKS PERFO RMA NC E

Bessis, J. (1998) Risk Management in Banking, John Wiley & Sons Ltd. West Sussex. England.

Brownell, P. (1981). Participation in the Budgeting Process, Locus of Control and Organizational Effectiveness. The Accounting Review: 844-860.

Burns, P. (2002). Retail Credit Risk Modeling and the Basel Capital Accord. Discussion Paper 02-1. Philadelphia.

Carey, Maark dan Hrycay, Mark (2001). Parameterizing Credit Risk Models With Rating Data. Journal of Banking and Finance. 25:1. Januari 2001.

Chenhall, R.H. dan D. Morris (1986). The Impact of Structure, Environment and Interdependence on the Perceived Usefulness of Management Accounting Systems. The Accounting Review: 16-35.

Cho, Woon Y. (2005). Contingency Theory of Group Communication Effectiveness in Korean Organizations: Influence of Fit between Organizational Structural Variables and Group Relational Climate on Communication Effectiveness. Dissertation. Texas A & M University. August 2005.

Chong, V. K. dan K. Ming Chong (1997). Strategic Choices, Environmental Uncertainty and SBU Performance: A Note of the Intervening Role of Management Accounting Systems. Accounting and Business Research Vol. 27 No. 4.: 268-276.

Cooper, D. R. dan C. W. Emory (1996) Business Research Method. USA, Richard Irwin Inc.

Denison, Daniel R. dan A. K. Mishra (1995). Toward a Theory of Organizational Culture and Effectiveness. Organization Science, Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 204-223.

Dermine, J. (1986). Deposit Rates, Credit Rates and Bank Capital. Journal of Banking and Finance No. 10: 99-114.

Derviz, Alexis dan Kadlcakova, Narcisa (2001). Methodological Problem of Quantitative Credit Risk Modeling in the Czech Economy. Czech National Bank.

Dietsch M. dan J. Petey (2002). “The Credit Risk in SME Loans Portfolios: Modeling Issues. Pricing and Capital Requirements”. Journal of Banking and Finance.

Direktorat Penelitian dan Pengaturan Perbankan. (2003). Pedoman Standar Penerapan Manajemen Risiko bagi Bank Umum. BI. 29 September 2003.

Dutta, M. (2002). Management Control System. S. Chand & Company Ltd. New Delhi. India.

Dwirandra, A. A. N. B. (2007). Pengaruh Interaksi Ketidakpastian Lingkungan, Desentralisasi dan Luas Lingkup Informasi Akuntansi Manajemen Terhadap Kinerja Manajerial. Buletin Studi Ekonomi. Vol. 12 No. 2.

Faisal (2006). Analisis Pengaruh Intensitas Persaingan dan Variabel Kontekstual Terhadap Penggunaan Informasi Sistem Akuntansi Manajemen dan Kinerja Unit

RISK MA NA G EMENT A ND INSURA NC E REVIEW

Bisnis dengan Pendekatan Partial Least Square. Simposium Nasional Akuntansi IX. Ikatan Akuntan Indonesia.

Fisher, J. G. (1995). Contingency Based Research on Management Control System: Categorization by level of Complexity. Journal of Accounting Literature 14: 24-53.

Fisher, J. G. (1998). Contingency Theory, Management Control Systems and Firm Outcomes: Behavioral Research in Accounting.

Fishman, J. S. (2001). Operating, Finance and Risk. Basel Committee on Banking Supervision. Bank for International Settlements. May, 2001. http://www.bis.org/bcbs/cacomments.htm.

Fraser, D. R. B. E. dan J. W. Kolari (2001). Commercial Banking: The Management of Risk. Cincinnati. Ohio. South-Western College Publishing.

Fredianto, R. dan Zulaikha (2001). Hubungan Antara Lingkungan Eksternal, Orientasi

Strategi dan Kinerja Perusahaan (Studi Terapan pada Industri Manufaktur Menengah Kecil di Kotamadya Semarang). Simposium Nasional Akuntansi IV. Ikatan Akuntan Indonesia.

Gerken, Charlotte (2004). Best Practices in Risk Management and Risk Measurement. The UK Financial Services Regulator’s Perspective. July 2004.

Ghoshal, Sumantra (1994). Linking Organizational Context and Managerial Action: The Dimensions of Quality of Management. Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 15, 91- 112.

Ghozali, Imam (2002). Aplikasi Analisis Multivariat dengan Program SPSS. Badan Penerbit Universitas Dipenogoro. Semarang. Hal.133.

Giesecke, Kay (2002). Default Compensator, Incomplete Information, and the Term Structure of Credit Spreads. Humbold University. August 2002.

Glennon, Dennis C. (1998). Issues in Model Design and Validation. Office of The Comptroller of The Currency (Credit Risk Modeling, Robert A. Klein and The Glenlake Publishing Company. 1998)

Gordon, L.A. dan Narayanan (1984). Management Accounting System, Perceived Environmental Uncertainty and Structure: An Empirical Investigation. Accounting Organization and Society. Vol. 9.: 33-47.

Govindarajan V. dan A. K. Gupta (1985). Linking Control System to Business Unit Strategy: Impact on Performance. Accounting, Organizations and Society 10: 51-66.

Govindarajan V. (1986). Impact of Participation in the Budgetary Process on Attitudes and Performance: Universalistic and Contingency Perspectives. Decisions Sciences. Fall: 496-516.

Govindarajan V. (1988). A Contingency Approach to Strategy Implementation at the Business-Unit Level: Integrating Administrative Mechanisms with Strategy. Academy of Management Journal 31(4): 828-853.

C O NTING ENT O F C REDIT RISK MA NA G EMENT SYSTEM O N BA NKS PERFO RMA NC E

Govindarajan V. dan J. G. Fisher (1990). Strategy, Control System and Resource Sharing: Effects on Business Unit Performance. Academy of Management Journal 33(2): 259-285.

Gujarati, D. (1995). Basic Econometrics. 3 rd Edition. McGraw-Hill. New York.

Gup, Benton E. (2003). The New Basel Capital Accord: Is 8% Adequate?. Working Paper Series. SRRN-id440881. July 2003.

Hadi, S. (1986). Metodologi Research. Yogyakarta. UGM.

Hadi, S. (1988). Statistik. Yogyakarta. Dani Offset.

Hair, J. F., R. E. Anderson dan W. C. Black (1995). Multivariate Data Analysis. Macmillan Publishing Co. New York.

Hall, M. (2004). “The effect of Comprehensive Performance Measurement Systems on Role Clarity, Psychological, Empowerment and Managerial Performance”. Global Management Accounting Research Symposium.

Hambrick, D. C. dan D. Lei (1985). Toward and Empirical Prioritization of Contingency Variables for Business Strategy. Academy of Management Journal 28: 763-788.

Hamel, G. dan C. K. Prahalad (1994). Competing for the Future. Boston. Mass: Harvard Business School Press.

Hamerle, Alfred dan Rosch, Daniel (2004). Parameterizing Credit Risk Models. University of Regensburg.

Hendricks, Kevin. Menor, Larry dan C. Wiedman (2004). Adoption of the Balanced Scorecard: A Contingency Variables Analysis. Proceeding Seminars. School of Accounting and Finance. Canada. University of Waterloo.

Henry, J. F. (2006). Organization Culture and Performance Measurement System.

Accounting, Organizations and Society 31: 77-103.

Hirsch, Maurice L. (1994). Advanced Management Accounting. Cincinnati, Ohio: South Western Publishing Co.

Hofstede, G., B. Nuejien, Ohayv, D. D. dan G. Sanders (1990). Measuring Organizational Cultures: A Qualitative and Quantitative Study across Twenty Cases. Administrative Science Quarterly. 35: 286-316

Ieda, Akira, Marumo, K., dan T. Yoshiba (2000). A Simplified Method for Calculating the Credit Risk of Lending Portfolios. Working Paper Series. Institute for Monetary and Economic Studies Bank of Japan.

Iman, N. dan Jogiyanto H. M. (2006). Pengaruh Penyelarasan Strategik Terhadap Kinerja Organisasi pada Sektor Perbankan di Indonesia. Simposium Nasional Akuntansi IX. Ikatan Akuntan Indonesia.

RISK MA NA G EMENT A ND INSURA NC E REVIEW

Indriantoro N. (1999). Aliran-aliran Pemikiran Alternatif dalam Akuntansi. Jurnal Ekonomi dan Bisnis Indonesia. 14(3): 101-105.

Indriantoro N. (2000). An Empirical Study of Locus of Control and Cultural Dimensional as Moderating Variables of the Effect of Participative Budgeting on Job Performance and Job Satisfaction. Jurnal Ekonomi dan Bisnis Indonesia. 15(1): 97-114.

Ittner, C.D., Larcker, D.F. dan T. Randall (2003). Performance implications of Strategic Performance Measurement in Financial Services Firms. Accounting, Organizations and Society 28: 715-741.

Jackson, Patricia dan Perraudin, William (1999). The Nature of Credit Risk: The Effect of Maturity, Type of Obligor and Country of Domicile. Financial Stability Review. November 1999.

Jermias, Johnny dan Gani, Lindawati (2005). Ownership Structure, Contingent Fit and Business Unit Performance: A Research Model and Empirical Evidence. The International Journal of Accounting. Vol.40: 65-85.

Kajian Stabilitas Keuangan. BI. September 2005.

Kaplan, R.S. dan D. P. Norton (1996). Translating Strategy into Action: the Balanced Scorecard. Boston, Harvard Business School Press.

Khomsyiah dan Indriantoro, N., (2000). Metodologi Penelitian Akuntansi Keperilakuan: Pendekatan Filsafat Ilmu. Jurnal Bisnis dan Akuntansi 2(2): 89-102.

Kim, Juno (2005). A Credit Risk Model for Agricultural Loan Portfolios under the New Basel Capital Accord. Dissertation. Texas A & M University. May 2005.

Klynveld, Piet, Peat, W. Barclay, Marwick, James dan G. Reinhard (1999). Best Practices In Risk Management: Private and Public Sectors Internationally. Treasury Board of Canada Publications.

Koach, Timothy dan Mc D. Scott (2000). Bank Management. Fourth Worth: The Dryden Pers. Chapter 3-5.

Koopman, Siem, Jan dan A. Lucas (2003). Business and Default Cycles for Credit Risk. Tinbergen Institute Discussion Paper. July 2003

Kunreuther, Howard dan Heal, Geoffrey (2002). Interdependent Security. University of Pennsylvania and Columbia University. Desember 2002.

Le Roux, E. (2005). The Validity of the Assessment Centre in Predicting Managerial Performance of Business Development Managers. Dissertation. University of Pretoria.

Lesmana, Iwan (2006). Model Manajemen Risiko Kredit Komersial/Korporasi Jangka Pendek Bank Umum Swasta Nasional, Disertasi, Universitas Gunadarma.

Lesmana, S. (2003). Pengaruh Ketidakpastian Lingkungan yang Dipersepsikan dan Strategi Kompetitif terhadap Hubungan Sistem Kontrol Akuntansi dengan Kinerja

C O NTING ENT O F C REDIT RISK MA NA G EMENT SYSTEM O N BA NKS PERFO RMA NC E

Perusahaan. Simposium Nasional Akuntansi VI. Surabaya. Ikatan Akuntan Indonesia Kompartemen Akuntansi Pendidik.

Lin, Xiaohua dan R. Germain (2003). Organizational Structure, Context, Customer Orientation, and Performance: Lessons from Chinese State-Owned Enterprises. Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 24, No. 11, pp. 1131-1151.

Mardiyah, A. A. dan Gudono (2001). Pengaruh Ketidakpastian Lingkungan dan Desentralisasi terhadap Karakteistik Sistem Akuntansi Manajemen. Jurnal Riset Akuntansi Indonesia. 4(1): 1-27.

Martin B. (2003). Financial And Econometric Models For Credit Risk Management. Dissertation. Universit¨at Fridericiana zu Karlsruhe. 2003.

Mia, L dan B. Clarke (1999). Market Competition, Management Accounting Systems

and Business Unit Performance. Management Accounting Research. Vol.10.: 137-158.

Miller, D. dan P. Friesen (1982). Innovation in Conservative and Entrepreneurial Firm: Two Models of Strategic Momentum. Strategic Management Journal 3: 1-25.

Muermann, Alexander dan U. Oktem (2002). The Near – Miss Management of Operational Risk. The Journal of Risk Finance: 25-35.

Muslichah (2003). The Effect of Contextual Variables on Management Accounting System Characteristics and Managerial Performance, Simposium Nasional Akuntansi

VI.

Murray, D. (1990). The Performance Effect of Participative Budgeting: An Integration of Interviening and Moderating Variables. Behavioral in Accounting. Vol.2: 104-113.

O'Hara, M. (1983). A Dynamic Theory of the Banking Firm. The Journal of Finance 38: 127-140.

Otley, David. T. (1980). The Contingency Theory of Management Accounting: Achievement and Prognosis. Accounting Organization and Society . Vol. 5.: 413-428.

Otley David. T. dan A. Berry (1980). Control, Organization and Accounting. Accounting, organization and society. 231-244.

Peraturan BI No. 3/23/PBI/2001 tentang amendemen pada PBI No. 3/10/PBI/2001 tentang Prinsip Mengenal Nasabah.

Polonchek, John. dan Miller, Ronald K., (1999). Contagion Effect in the Insurance Industry. The Journal of Risk and Insurance, 66: 459-475.

Pondeville, S. M. (2000). The Control System in The Environmental Management Framework. Working paper IPA Young Scholars Colloquium: 13.

Porter, M. E. (1980). Competitive Strategy. New York. Macmillan Publishing Co.

Porter, M. E. (1985). Competitive Advantage: Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance. New York. The Free Press.

RISK MA NA G EMENT A ND INSURA NC E REVIEW

Putra, E. P. dan A. Naim (2000). Budaya Perusahaan dan Intensitas Peran Akuntansi Manajemen: Penelitian Empiris pada Perusahaan-perusahaan di Indonesia. Simposium Nasional Akuntansi III. Jakarta. Ikatan Akuntan Indonesia.

Riyanto, B. (2001). Alternative Approachto Examining a Contingency Model in Accounting Research: a Comparison. Jurnal Riset Akuntansi, Manajemen, Ekonomi. 1(1): 13-32.

Rybczynski, T. (1997). A New Look at the Evolution of the Financial System, in J. Revell (ed.), The Recent Evolution of Financial Systems . (Macmillan, London).

Santomero, A., (1984). Modeling the Banking Firm. Journal of Money, Credit and Banking 16: 576-602.

Santoso, Singgih (2001). Buku Latihan SPSS Statistik Parametrik. Elex Media Komputindo. Jakarta.

Sawitri, Peni (2006). Pengaruh Interaksi Variabel Kontijensi Dengan Sistem pengendalian Manajemen Terhadap Kinerja Unit Bisnis Strategi. Disertasi, Universitas Gunadarma, Jakarta.

Schmit, M. (2004). Credit Risk in the Leasing Industry. Journal of Banking & Finance

28: 811-833.

Schonbucher, Phillip J. (2000). Factor Models for Portfolio Credit Risk. Bonn University. Desember 2000.

Sekaran, U. (1992). Research Methods for Business: A Skill Building Approach. Second Edition. John Wiley & Son, Inc.

Stiglitz, J. E. dan A. Weiss (1981), Credit Rationing in Markets with Imperfect Information. The American Economic Review: 393-410, June 1981.

Sumodiningrat, G. (1999). Ekonometrika Pengantar. Yogyakarta. BPFE.

Supriyono, R. A. (2003). Hubungan Partisipasi Penganggaran dan Kinerja Manajer: Peran Keckupan ANggaran, Komitmen Organisasi, Asimetri Informasi, Slak ANggaran dan Peresponan Keinginan Sosial. Disertasi Program Studi Ilmu Manajemen Pascasarjana. Fakultas Ekonomi. Universitas Indonesia.

Swift, J. A. (1995). Introduction to Modern Statistical Quality Control and Management. St. Lucie Press.

Syafrudin, M. (2001). Pengaruh Moderasi Dinamika Lingkungan pada Sistem Kontrol Akuntasi dan Kinerja Perusahaan. Jurnal Riset Akuntansi Indonesia 4(1): 99-110.

Syam, Fazli dan Lilis Maryasih (2006). Sistem Akuntansi Manajemen, Persepsi Ketidakpastian Lingkungan, Desentralisasi dan Kinerja Organisasi (Studi Empiris pada Perusahaan Manufaktur di Provinsi NAD). Simposium Nasional Akuntansi IX.

C O NTING ENT O F C REDIT RISK MA NA G EMENT SYSTEM O N BA NKS PERFO RMA NC E

Townsend, Robert M. dan J. Yaron (2001). The Credit Risk-Contingency System of an Asian Development bank. Journal of Economics Perspectives. Vol.3. Oct, 2001.

Treacy, W.F., dan M. Carey (2000). Credit Risk Rating Systems at Large U.S. Banks. Journal of Banking & Finance 24: 167-201.

Umar, Husain (2004). Metode Penelitian Untuk Skripsi & Tesis Bisnis. Jakarta. Rajawali Press.

Vickery J. I. (2004). Essays in Banking and Risk Management. Dissertation. Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Wilson, T. C. (1997). Measuring and Managing Credit Portfolio Risk; Part I: Modeling Systemic Default Risk. The Journal of Lending & Credit Risk Management.

Yasukata K. dan T. Kobayashi, (2001). Performance Measurement and Evaluation System in View of Strategic Management Control: A Survey of Management Accounting Practice in Japan. Asia Pacific Management Review 6(1): 53-72.

Yurniwati (2003). Pengaruh Lingkungan Bisnis Eksternal dan Perencanaan St rategik Terhadap Kinerja Perusahaan Manufaktur. Disertasi. Universitas Padjajaran.

Desember 2003.

__________________, Bagaimana Mencari Bank yang Sehat?. Rubrik Ekonomi. Bisnis Indonesia. 23 Desember 2007. Hal. 4.

__________________, Target Kredit Perbankan 2009 Sulit Dicapai. Media Indonesia. Januari 2009. Hal. 9.

__________________, Laporan Tahunan BI 2003, BI.

__________________, Laporan Tahunan BI 2004, BI.

__________________, Laporan Tahunan BI 2005, BI.

__________________, Laporan Tahunan BI 2006, BI.

__________________, Laporan Tahunan BI 2007, BI.

__________________, Laporan Tahunan BI 2008, BI.