Referring to the different characteristics and features of code mixing, various linguists have defined it in different ways. For instance O”
Numan and Carter 1997 define code mixin g as, “a phenomenon od switching
from one language to another in the same discourse”. According to Berthold.Mangubhai and Bartorowiez1997, code mixing occurs when speakers shift
from one language to the other in the midst of their conversation. Thus this definition accommodates inter-sentential switching and intra-sentential mixing both under the
term code switching. Code mixing is an interesting phenomenon in bilingual societies. Code Mixing
leads to language hybridization that in turn gives birth to the issues of language maintenance, shift, and desertion. Wardhaugh 1992, characterizes that code mixing
occurs when during conversation, speakers “use both languages together to the extent that they shift from one languages to the other in the course of
single utterance”. In code mixing sentences, pieces of one language are used while a speaker basically using
another language. Code mixing is a mixing of two code or languages usually without a change of
topic. Code mixing often occurs within one sentence, one element is spoken in language A and the rest in language B. in addition. Nababan, a linguist said that code
mixing is found mainly in informal insertations. In formal situation the speaker tends to mix it because there is no exact idiom in that language. So it is necessary use words
or idioms from other language.
At last, we can say the phenomenon of bilingualism results in the occurrence of code mixing. It happens when speaker requires a particular code, in order to switch or
mix one code to another and even create a new code.
2.2.4 Concept of Bilingualism
Bilingual speakers have more linguistic resources than by monolingual speakers. A word in each language is expressed somewhat different meanings, either
because they refer to different entities or activities or because they express divergent perspectives. Bilinguals often employ strategies for maximizing the potential
expressiveness of their linguistic repertory. Bilingualism can be seen, as a personal or social problem. They are not something that has strong positive connotations a
bilingual or multilingual situation still can produce other effects, which involve one or more languages.
Language contact inevitably leads to bilingualism. The terms bilingualism is sometimes used more specifically to refer to a situation in which person or a community
uses two languages only; while multilingualism is used to refer to a situation involving the use of more than two languages. A person is called bilingual when heshe uses two
or more languages. Haugen in Romaine, 1995:11 observes, when the speaker of one language produce complete meaningful utterances in the other language, it can arise
bilingualism. Bilingual occurs when a person speaks more than two languages. Language
contact inevitably leads to Bilingualism. Bilingualism is a present in practically every country of the world, in all classes of society, and in all age groups Grosjean, 1982:1.
Bilingualism restricted to nearly every country, which has two or more language in their society. Beside English as the International language every country has mother
language. According to Mackey in Romaine 1995:12 bilingualism is defined as the
alternate use of two more languages. Whereas, Diebold in Romaine 1995:11 uses the terms ‘incipient languages’ to characterized the initial stages of contact between two
languages. Fishman says that bilingualism is essentially characterization of individual linguistic versatility Fishman 1972:83. Bloomfield specifies ‘native-like control of
two languages’ as the criteria for bilingualism in Romaine 1995:11 Although in bilingualism the two languages can be kept separately, but switching
code from one to the other language often occurs in a bilingual, because the ability to use two languages often make the bilinguals switch their languages. Here term
bilingualism is used as the alternate use of two languages that may cause the occurrence of code switching of the bilinguals from one code to the other in their daily interactions.
The bilinguals are productive in using both languages, Indonesian and English, particularly.
2.3 Theoretical Framework
The main theory adopted for these research is take from Poplack 1989:122- 123 for the types of code switching and for the reasons of code switching proposed
by Grosjean 1982:152. Each the theory will describe below:
