Literature Review REVIEW OF LITERATURES, CONCEPTS, AND THEORETICAL

of collecting the data in which the data was analyzed qualitatively and descriptively. The difference between the thesis and this study is the thesis use the way of collecting data were field research and recording. While in this study, the way of collecting data is documentation and note taking. The third thesis written by Made EdyAntara 2007, entitle The Analysis of Code Switching in the Novel “Miss Jutek”. The finding shows that the writer use all types of code switching. They are tag switching, Intra sentential switching, Inter sentential switching. From six functions of code switching there were only four functions were applied in this study. Therefore, from ten reasons for code switching, there only six reasons were applied here. The strength of her study is the detailed analysis of the code switching in Novel “Miss Jutek”. It has relevance with this writing according to how present data analyzed. However, her study faces a weakness in which the conclusion of the analysis should be more concise. The fourth thesis written by Putranta’s First Page by Erawati 2008 was based on the study of code switching found in novel First Page 2007. There are two results are found. First, the types that occurred in the novel are tag switching, inter sentential switching and intra sentential switching. Second, the functions that occurred in the novel are referential function, directive function, phatic function and metalinguistic function. And the remaining function that could not be found is expressive function and poetic function.This previous writing has relevance with this paper because there are some of the concepts were taken for the writing. However, the difference is the usage of different data in which she used novel and this study uses short story. This study also has a weakness in which there is small weakness in which a small grammatical error is found in some sentences. The fifth thesis entitled Code Switching Used by the Music Announcers in the Radio of BC FM by Suci 2009. The findings of this paper showed that the announcers of BC FM use all types of code switching classified by Poplack. They are tag switching, inter-sentential switching and intra-sentential switching. From those three types of code switching, intra-sentential switching is the most often used in BC FM radio. The strength of this thesis is bilingualism which encourages the use of code switching between broadcasters and due to the facts; the phenomenon of code switching is very interesting subject to study. This previous writing has relevance with this paper because there are some of the concepts were taken for the writing. However, his study has a minor weakness in which the background should be more structural. The last thesis entitled Analysis of Code Switching used in articles of Music Magazines by Putra 2010 is mainly aimed to investigate the use of code switching in Indonesian printed articles in music magazines. The strength of this study is the detailed analysis of the code switching in Music Magazines. However, her study faces a weakness in which the conclusion of the analysis should be more concise. There is also review of a journal written by Kstter in 2003 entitled “Negotiation of Meaning and Code Switching in Online Tandems” in Language Learning and Technology journal, describe this paper analyses negotiation of meaning and code switching in discourse between 29 language students from classes at German and a North American University. The prime objective of the study was to give those students who participated in the online exchanges a chance to meet with native speakers of their target language in real time and to investigate if the concept of tandem learning as promoted by initiatives like the International Tandem Network could be successfully transferred from e-mail based discourse to a format in which the learners could interact with each other in real time over a computer network. The strength of this thesis is the topic which is interesting to be analyzed and the concepts of the study that the writer give explanation clearly to the readers so that they would be able to understand it. It has relevance with this writing according to how to present data analyzed data. However, her study faces a weakness in which the conclusion of the analysis should be more concise. While the article is discusses potential reasons for these differences, investigates the learners’ exploitation of the bilingual format of their exchange, and thereby attempts to demonstrate how online tandems can contribute to successful second language acquisition SLA and the development of learners’ metalinguistic abilities.

2.2 Concepts

In this section some concepts and theories, which were relevant to this study was presented. It consists of some special terms to enable the process of analyzing the problems. The concepts are as follows: 2.2.1 Concept of Code A code is a language or a variety or style of a language as an instrument which used in interaction. Wardhaugh1972: 83 proposed that a code is the particular dialect of language one chooses to be used on any occasion, a system used for communication. In his addition that people are usually forced to select a particular code whenever they choose to speak, and they may also decide to switch from one code to another or to mix code. According to Wardaugh 1986, a code is a system of communication that people employ when two or more communicate with each other in speech. He adds in most cases that code will be something we want to call a language.

2.2.2 Concept of Code Switching

The alternative way in using more than one language, code switching is often occurs in bilingual community. It is the most important thing in this community because code switching is a part of bilingual itself. Some bilinguals have definition in the term of code switching. Such as, Di Pietro in Grosjean1982defines code switching as the use of more than one language by communicants in a speech act.